Walk This Way: Ingroup Norms Determine Voting Intentions for Those Who Lack Sociopolitical Control

This research was supported by a grant number 2014/15/G/HS6/04529 awarded by the Polish National Science Centre to the second author, as well as by two grants for young researchers financed by the Faculty of Philosophy of the Jagiellonian University awarded to the first author. It was also supported by Grant no.PID2019-111549GB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 awarded to the third author.Even though taking part in elections is one of the most direct tools to influence the socio-political system, many people choose not to vote. Research shows that this problem is especially prevalent among those citizens who do not believe they have control over social and political issues, but the question remains as to what could encourage their voting behavior. We predicted that individuals who experience low levels of control can be more susceptible to ingroup norms regarding participation in political elections than those with a high sense of sociopolitical control. Across six studies we found consistent support for this hypothesis. Specifically, people who experience decreased sociopolitical control were more likely to vote when descriptive norms (measured or manipulated) were conducive to voting. The results have important theoretical and applied implications, illuminating the boundary conditions under which people deprived of control can still be motivated to participate in a political sphere.Polish National Science Centre 2014/15/G/HS6/04529PID2019-111549GB-I00 MCIN/AEI/10.13039/50110001103

Feminist or Paternalistic: Understanding Men’s Motivations to Confront Sexism

The role of men in fighting gender inequality is a controversial issue. Literature has shown that advantaged group members can promote social change but also perpetuate status quo. We conducted three studies to examine two motivational processes that may lead men to confront sexism: an egalitarian path and a paternalistic one. Studies 1– 3 revealed that men high in benevolent sexism were more willing to confront sexism for paternalistic reasons, whereas Studies 2–3 found that men high in feminist identification were more likely to confront sexism for egalitarian reasons. Pooled analyses (Studies 1–3) supported the egalitarian and paternalistic paths underlying sexism confrontation. Moreover, Studies 2 and 3 extended these findings to collective action and engagement in the men’s activist movement that aims to reflect on male privilege (i.e., the Men for Equity movement). These results highlight the existence of various underlying motivations to confront sexism by men, as well as the limits of paternalism and the potential of feminism to motivate men to take part in other kinds of actions beyond confrontation to foster social change.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the predoctoral contract granted to LE-R (FPU14/0511) and through the excellence project granted to SL (PSI2016-79971-P)

Counteracting subliminal cues that threaten national identity

The authors would like to thank Ma.ka Telga and Alvaro Rodriguez-Lopez for help with data collection. The work reported here was supported by Grant no. PSI2016-79971-P from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology (AEI/FEDER, UE; awarded to Soledad de Lemus), as well as by the Endowed Chair of Russell Spears at the University of Groningen.In spite of their subtle nature, subliminal cues of group devaluation can have profound effects on members of targeted groups. Across three studies, we examine factors that allow people to counteract subliminal cues of group devaluation. We do this in the context of Spanish-German intergroup relations following the 2008 financial crisis. Throughout the crisis, narratives in politics and the media have drawn on national stereotypes to legitimize the economic situation in Spain. We argue that this represents a threat to our Spanish participants and that exposure to subliminal cues that reflect this threat will trigger responses that counteract this threat. Indeed, results showed that when subliminal associations legitimize the disadvantage faced by the group, our Spanish participants reversed the subliminal associations to which they were exposed. These findings show that Spanish participants are able to counteract the devaluation of their national in-group, even when that devaluation occurs outside of conscious awareness.Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology (AEI/FEDER, UE) PSI2016-79971-PEndowed Chair of Russell Spears at the University of Groninge

Influence of early romantic relationships on adolescents' sexism

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of romantic relationships on adolescents sexism. We primed some of the participants with their past and/or present relationship experiences before assessing their sexism. A sample of 130 adolescents (67 boys and 63 girls) from Spanish high schools participated in the study. Half of them were asked to report on their relationship experience first before responding to an ambivalent sexism inventory. The other half of the sample responded first to the sexism inventory and then reported on their relationship experience. The results of this study showed that when participants relationship experiences were primed, they reported higher endorsement of sexist beliefs: boys reported higher BS and HS, whereas girls reported higher BS.El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la influencia que las primeras relaciones de pareja tienen en el sexismo de los y las adolescentes. Para ello, utilizamos un procedimiento que hizo salientes a algunos de los participantes sus experiencias pasadas y actuales de pareja, antes de evaluar su sexismo. Participaron en el estudio 130 adolescentes (67 chicos y 63 chicas) de centros educativos españoles. A la mitad de la muestra, se le solicitó que informaran sobre sus relaciones de pareja antes de responder a un cuestionario que medía el sexismo ambivalente. La otra mitad cumplimentó inicialmente el cuestionario de sexismo y después informó de sus relaciones de pareja. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que al hacer salientes las relaciones de pareja, el sexismo informado por las personas participantes es mayor: en el caso de los chicos, tanto el SB como el SH, y en el caso de las chicas, el S

Fighting inequalities in times of pandemic: The role of politicized identities and interdependent self-construal in coping with economic threat

During the COVID-19 pandemic, institutions encouraged social isolation and non-interaction with other people to prevent contagion. Still, the response to an impending economic crisis must be through the collective organization. In this set of pre-registered studies, we analyse two possible mechanisms of coping with collective economic threats: shared social identity and interdependent self-construction. We conducted three correlational studies during the pandemic in May–October 2020 (Study 1, N = 363; Study 2, N = 250; Study 3, N = 416). Results show that shared identity at two levels of politicization (i.e., working-class and 99% identities) and interdependent self-construal mediated the relationship between collective economic threat, intolerance towards economic inequality and collective actions to reduce it. The results highlight that the collective economic threat can reinforce the sense of community—either through the activation of a politicized collective identity, such as the working class or the 99% or through the activation of an interdependent self—which in turn can trigger greater involvement in the fight against economic inequality. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación: MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, Grant/Award Number: PID2019-111549GB-I00FEDER/Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, Grant/Award Number: A-SEJ-72-UGR20Universidad de Granada / CBU

Elaboración y validación del Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente para Adolescentes

La Teoría del Sexismo Ambivalente es uno de los principales referentes del análisis psicosocial del género. El constructo sexismo ambivalente se ha relacionado con el mantenimiento de actitudes y comportamientos discriminatorios hacia la mujer. Desde el punto de vista teórico se ha propuesto un modelo especulativo sobre el desarrollo de este tipo de sexismo, resaltando la adolescencia como etapa evolutiva clave. No obstante, hasta ahora no se contaba con un instrumento de medida adecuado a las características de la población adolescente. Este trabajo instrumental desarrolla el Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente (ISA) en adolescentes y aporta evidencias sobre la validez de sus mediciones. El trabajo instrumental incluye tres estudios independientes. El primer estudio consistió en la elaboración y evaluación cualitativa de los ítems. En el segundo estudio se analizó la estructura factorial del ISA mediante procedimientos exploratorios y se mostró que la fiabilidad de las mediciones era adecuada. El tercer estudio aportó evidencias sobre la dimensionalidad del inventario. El análisis factorial confirmatorio avaló la consistencia de la estructura factorial del ISA en adolescentes con la propuesta por la teoría del sexismo ambivalente. A su vez, el tercer estudio aportó evidencias externas de validez.Ambivalent Sexism Theory is one of the main models in psychosocial analysis of gender. The construct ambivalent sexism has been related with the maintenance of discriminatory attitudes and behaviour towards women. From a theoretical perspective, a speculative model has been proposed to explain the development of this kind of sexism. This model highlights adolescence as a key developmental stage. However, until now there was no appropriate measurement tool for adolescents. The present instrumental project develops the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ISA) for adolescents providing evidence for the validity of the obtained measures. The instrumental project includes three independent studies. The first study entailed the construction and qualitative assessment of the items. In the second study, the analysis of the ISA’s factorial structure was performed by means of exploratory analyses. The results showed an adequate reliability of the obtained measures. The third study provided evidence on the dimensionality of the scale. The confirmatory factorial analysis guaranteed the consistency of the ISA’s factorial structure with the one proposed by the Ambivalent Sexism Theory. Also, the third study provided evidence for the external validity of the inventory.Este trabajo se ha realizado con el apoyo de dos becas FPU del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia a los autores Soledad de Lemus y Miguel Castillo, de los proyectos de investigación “Diferencias de poder y género: aspectos psicosociales” (Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, referencia SEJ2004-02817/PSIC) y “Desarrollo de procedimientos e instrumentos eficientes para la detección del funcionamiento diferencial de los ítems “(Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, referencia SEJ2005-09144-C02-02), más el Proyecto de Excelencia de la Junta de Andalucía (SEJ565)

Gender stereotypes and prejudice: automatism and contextual modulation

Los capítulos Introducción y Resumen de los Resultados escritos en españolTesis Univ. Granada. Departamento de Psicología Social y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento. Leída el 20 de diciembre de 200

Political change as group-based control: Threat to personal control reduces the support for traditional political parties

People desire agentic representations of their personal and collective selves, such as their own nation. When national agency is put into question, this should increase their inclination to restore it, particularly when they simultaneously lack perceptions of personal control. In this article, we test this hypothesis of group-based control in the context of political elections occurring during socio-economic crises. We propose that people who are reminded of low (vs. high) personal control will have an increased tendency to reject traditional political parties that stand for the maintenance of a non-agentic political system. We experimentally manipulated the salience of low vs. high personal control in five studies and measured participants’ intentions to support traditional and new political parties. Across four of five studies, in line with the predictions, low personal control reduced support for the main traditional conservative party (e.g., Partido Popular (PP) in Spain, the Republicans in France). These results appeared in contexts of national economic and/or political crisis, and were most pronounced when low (vs. high) national agency was made salient in Studies 4 and 5. The findings support the notion that rejecting the stability of the national political system can serve as a means to maintain a sense of control through the collective self.Agencia Estatal de Investigacion PID2019-111549GB-I00/AEI 2014/15/G/HS6/04529 2018/30/M/HS6/0029

Superando barreras: creencias y aspectos motivacionales relaconados con el ascenso de las mujeres a puestos de poder

Las mujeres están infrarrepresentadas en las posiciones más altas de la esfera laboral. Dado que ya no existen obstáculos legales o institucionales que mantengan esta situación, parece obvio pensar que algunas otras barreras no tan visibles ("techo de cristal") pueden ser las responsables de ello. En este trabajo se presentan tres tipos de creencias (estereotipos, ideología e identidad de género), desde una perspectiva tanto cognitiva como motivacional y social, que consideramos importantes en el mantenimiento de las desigualdades de género mencionadas. Tras una revisión teórica, nuestras conclusiones son: a) Los estereotipos de género cobran importancia al referirse a determinados subtipos de mujer (profesional o "sexy"), a ciertos campos profesionales (e.g., típicamente masculinos) o ante determinadas circunstancias situacionales (e.g., desproporción entre el número de hombres y de mujeres en la organización); b) La ideología de género más sutil o encubierta (neosexismo, sexismo ambivalente) supone un peligro mayor dado que su tono positivo la hace más aceptable que la tradicional y explícita; c) la identidad de género (tanto derivada de la pertenencia grupal como concebida como auto-percepción en términos masculinos o femeninos), es importante en las aspiraciones profesionales de hombres y mujeres. Por último, se subraya la importancia de la propuesta de Pratto y Walker (2004) sobre la conexión existente entre las bases de poder (fuerza, control de recursos, ideología y obligaciones sociales), las cuales ayudan a perpetuar el statu quo favorable a los hombres, en la medida en que orienta acerca del lugar que ocupan las creencias mencionadas en el marco general de la realidad social

Extending the scope for resistance to gender-based devaluation

This review focuses on resistance to experiences of group-based devaluation, specifically in the context of gender. This literature has seen considerable development in recent years – we outline this development and review the empirical evidence that supports it. The first section of the review discusses definitional issues surrounding resistance. The second section describes how the literature on resistance has developed, with particular attention to the “broader” perspective on resistance that has gained prominence over the last decade or so. This perspective includes subtle and even implicit forms of resistance alongside its “traditional” forms. The third and fourth sections review empirical evidence for this perspective, derived primarily from the gender literature. The final section describes outstanding questions in research on resistance to group-based devaluation. Taken together, the evidence we review illustrates that members of devalued groups can employ a broad repertoire of strategies to resist group-based devaluation.Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnologia y Telecomunicaciones PSI2016-79971-