Analysis and Comparison of Effects of an Airfoil or a Rod on Supersonic Cavity Flow.

The effects of an airfoil at different angles of attack and a circular cylindrical rod within the edge of the boundary layer flow at the leading edge of a cavity as a device for controlling the large pressure fluctuations (resonance tones) in the cavity were investigated. The airfoil results were compared with the rod in crossflow method positioned at the same leading edge location. The cavity used for testing corresponded to a length to depth ratio, L/D of 11.0/2.25 with a length to width ratio, L/W of 11.0/3.00 at a freestream Mach 1.84 flow. The study included measurements of dynamic pressure transducer output at 40 kHz and Frequency Spectra calculations, using Schlieren techniques for shock wave structures with velocity and vorticity fields obtained from PIV measurements. All airfoil configurations experienced flow separation to varying degrees. The negative 10 degree angle of attack configuration experienced the greatest amount of flow separation. All airfoil configurations provided varying degrees of cavity (resonant) tone suppression. Of the airfoil configurations, the negative 10 degree airfoil provided the best noise suppression with a 5 dB SPL reduction in broadband noise and a 9 dB reduction in peak amplitude for the 3rd resonant mode. Although all the airfoil configurations provided various levels of noise suppression, none of the configurations performed to the level of the rod in crossflow technique which provided an 8 dB SPL reduction in broadband noise and a 22 dB reduction in peak amplitude for the 2nd resonant mode. Indications of shear flow lofting effects could not be studied within any of the configurations tested. Lofting effect testing would have required flow field visualization of the cavity trailing edge region. Dynamic pressure measurements at a location near the cavity trailing edge did not detect the rod vortex shedding frequency, clearly. Because PIV results showed strong indication of vortex shedding, the lack of vortex shedding frequency data was attributed to the dynamic pressure transducer being located a far distance of 44 rod diameters downstream of the rod location. All airfoil test configurations showed evidence of deflections to the cavity leading edge oblique shock wave. The mechanisms of the deflection were the airfoil trailing edge shocks interacting with the cavity leading edge shock

Establishing Christ Community Church as a Sent Community: Initiating Spiritual Conversation with Confidence, Relevance, and Conviction

The problem is that Christ Community Church does not see itself as a ‘sent community.’ A ‘sent community’ is one where purpose and forward movement in Kingdom work is embraced. A church must seek to involve itself in the community, delve into the needs, and speak to the emptiness with the Gospel of Jesus. The purpose of this project is to establish Christ Community Church as a ‘sent community’ by offering a sustentative engagement program which will: 1) describe the mission of Jesus; 2) assess the culture in which the church is situated; 3) answer six frequently asked theological questions; 4) grasp the importance of faith, hope, and love; and 5) equip the people with a greater understanding of the Gospel. This twelve session engagement program will equip the congregation with the necessary tools so they can move forward in this task of being ‘sent.’ The research methods will employ a triangulation of survey, questionnaire, and interview. They will assist in gathering data about why the church, and even further, Christianity, has had less appeal and impact and why people in the church are hesitant to engage the culture. Christ Community Church, West Chester, PA is a contemporary, non-denominational Christian church situated in the Philadelphia suburbs which currently averages 1100 in attendance on a Sunday morning. It is the intent of this project to offer an engagement program in which churches might discover theological truths, cultural awareness, and practical methods to engage the culture with the Good News of Christ

Comparing Two Sources of Retail Meat Price Data

The livestock industry uses information on meat prices at different stages in the marketing system to make production decisions. When grocery stores began using electronic scanners to capture prices paid for meat, it was assumed that the livestock industry could capitalize on having these point-of-sale data available as a measure of the value of its products. This report compares scanner price data with publicly available data collected by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Of the two data types, scanner data provide more information about retail meat markets, including a wider variety of meat-cut prices, multiple measures of an average price, the volume of sales, and the relative importance of discounted prices. The scanner data sample, however, is not statistically drawn, and complicated processing requirements delay its release, which makes scanner data less useful than BLS data for analyzing current market conditions.price spreads, meat, meat pricing, scanner data, retail prices, retail meat prices, farm-to-retail, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Livestock Production/Industries, Marketing,

Paper Session I-A - Launch Site Integration of Liquid Rocket Boosters

The impacts of introducing Liquid Rocket Boosters (LRB) into the STS/KSC launch environment are identified and evaluated. Proposed ground systems configurations are presented along with a launch site requirements summary. Pre-launch processing scenarios are described and the required facility modifications and new facility requirements are analyzed. Flight vehicle design recommendations to enhance launch processing are discussed. Processing approaches to integrate LRB with existing STS launch operations are evaluated. The key features and significance of launch site transition to a new STS configuration in parallel with on-going launch activities are enumerated

Degenerate Variational Integrators for Magnetic Field Line Flow and Guiding Center Trajectories

Symplectic integrators offer many advantages for the numerical solution of Hamiltonian differential equations, including bounded energy error and the preservation of invariant sets. Two of the central Hamiltonian systems encountered in plasma physics --- the flow of magnetic field lines and the guiding center motion of magnetized charged particles --- resist symplectic integration by conventional means because the dynamics are most naturally formulated in non-canonical coordinates, i.e., coordinates lacking the familiar $(q, p)$ partitioning. Recent efforts made progress toward non-canonical symplectic integration of these systems by appealing to the variational integration framework; however, those integrators were multistep methods and later found to be numerically unstable due to parasitic mode instabilities. This work eliminates the multistep character and, therefore, the parasitic mode instabilities via an adaptation of the variational integration formalism that we deem ``degenerate variational integration''. Both the magnetic field line and guiding center Lagrangians are degenerate in the sense that their resultant Euler-Lagrange equations are systems of first-order ODEs. We show that retaining the same degree of degeneracy when constructing a discrete Lagrangian yields one-step variational integrators preserving a non-canonical symplectic structure on the original Hamiltonian phase space. The advantages of the new algorithms are demonstrated via numerical examples, demonstrating superior stability compared to existing variational integrators for these systems and superior qualitative behavior compared to non-conservative algorithms

Uremic Retention Solutes

This chapter will address the broad subject of uremic retention solutes (URS), also known as uremic toxins. Some of these solutes had been recognized for decades, and in 1999 when the European Uremic Toxin Work Group was established, a fuller description of URS was presented. The group sought to identify and characterize the solutes in the serum of patients with impaired glomerular filtration, in order to explore their role in the pathogenesis of the uremic syndrome and improve current therapeutic options. This chapter will review the different types of URS, as well as the adverse effects associated with their accumulation. It will also cover current and potential therapeutic approaches to reduce their levels

Old Fashioned Revival Hour Songs

Old Fashioned Revival Hour Songs, edited by Charles E. Fuller, Leland H. Green, and William MacDougall, published by the Rodeheaver, Hall-Mack Co. Hymnal contains popular hymns from the Old Fashioned Revival Hour Radio Program broadcasts. 129 hymns with music, includes index.https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/round-note-collection/1020/thumbnail.jp