Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection after Vitrification of Immature Oocytes in Follicular Fluid Increases Bovine Embryo Production

Background: Despite the low efficiency caused by its harmful effects, vitrification is the technique of choice for oocyte cryopeservation, especially at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage. This enables the banking of female gametes without linkage to the male genotype. Follicular fluid (FF), in vivo, is known to provide an adequate environment to the immature oocyte. The intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), by the other hand, can be used to bypass any sperm penetration disorder, including the ones caused by cryopreservation. This study aimed to evaluate oocyte vitrification in FF based solution, and to asses ICSI efficiency in the fertilization of vitrified/warmed bovine GV oocytes.Material, Methods & Results: Follicles of 2-8 mm in diameter were aspirated from bovine ovaries obtained from a slaughterhouse, selected and maintained into FF from aspiration, until their allocation in the experimental groups. The FF used to prepare the vitrification solution was centrifuged, heat inactivated, filtered through a 0.22 mm pore and stored at -20°C. Oocyte vitrification was done into one of these three solutions: The standard solution TCM-Hepes (TH-Vitri) was compared to a totally FF based solution (FF-Vitri), and to a 50:50 (v/v) mix of both solutions (TH:FF-Vitri). Oocytes were submitted to in vitro embryo production in order to assess embryo production efficiency. A second set of experiments using the FF-Vitri solution compared IVF versus ICSI. With basis on cleaved structures, the morula + blastocyst rate obtained in the Fresh Control (43.9%) was similar to FF-Vitri (31.1%). Conversely, the TH-Vitri (15.7%) and the TH:FF-Vitri (20.4%) rates were significantly lower than the Fresh Control. ICSI showed a positive effect in comparison with IVF. The embryo development rate of Vitri-IVF (18.8%) was the lowest, whereas Vitri-ICSI (37.3%) was similar to the Fresh-IVF (43.9%), but lower than the Fresh-ICSI (57.8%).Discussion: Oocytes cryopreserved in TH based solution are known to show certain rigidity in the zona pellucida, being this event a possible cause to spermatozoa penetration disruption. Our results agree with that, since the fertilization rate for TH-Vitri was significantly lower than for the FF-Vitri. In contrast, GV oocytes vitrified in total versus partial FF based solution showed similar maturation and fertilization rates as the Fresh Control, evidencing the beneficial effect of FF during the course of vitrification. It is possible that FF helped to adjust oocyte maturation, allowing a better nuclear-cytoplasmic synchrony. Also, it might have provided some protection due to its antioxidant properties. The releasing of cortical granules induced by freezing, lead to a zona pellucida hardening and failure in sperm penetration. Factors present in the FF might block this premature releasing of cortical granules, thus ensuring that the egg retains its ability to be fertilized after maturation. The blastocysts produced from the FF-Vitri oocytes were the only ones that had the average ICM similar to the Fresh Control, evidencing that besides the similarity in morula + blastocyst rates, the embryos derived from oocytes vitrified in FF solution have also yielded best quality. When vitrified warmed oocytes were submitted to ICSI, there was an increase in the blastocyst production. This increment of embryo production with ICSI evidences a pathway to overcome the zona pellucida biological barrier. In conclusion, the use of FF as base for vitrification solution improves further embryo development; ICSI increases the embryo production of vitrified/warmed bovine GV stage oocytes

Culture of in vitro produced bovine embryos: effect of number of embryos and medium ratio

In the last decade the dairy and beef bovine farms had an increment in their breeding programs that include the use o ovum pick-up and in vitro production (OPU/IVP). Oocytes retrieved by OPU vary in quality and its reduced number requires appropriated culture conditions for IVP. To evaluate the effect of the number of embryos and volume of the media in the in vitro culture of bovine embryos, 1428 zygotes were cultured in groups of 5, 10 or 20 in 1, 5 or 10mL of medium. Groups of 20 oocytes matured in vitro in 200mL of TCM+rFSHh+ 10% estrus cow serum (ECS). The fertilization was performed in groups of 20 oocytes/200mL of Fert-Talp medium, for 18h with 1x10(6) spermatozoa/mL. The culture was done in SOFaaci+5%ECS for 8 days. Considering D0 as the fertilization day, the IVP was evaluated on day 2 (cleavage), day 7 (blastocyst) and in day 9 (hatching rates). The cleavage rates were higher when embryos were cultured in groups of twenty. However, it was not affected by the medium ratio of 1:1, 1:5 and 1:10. The use of 1:5 and 1:10mL of culture medium ratio showed higher embryo production rates in D7 (P<0.05) than 1:1mL proportion. The culture of 20 embryos per drop affected the blastocyst production on day 7. Likewise the hatching rates in D9 were higher with 1:5 and 1:10 than 1:1. Similarly, the hatching rates were higher in cultured of 10 or 20 embryos/drop when compared to groups of 5 embryos/drop. The reduction of embryos and the proportion of the medium volume in culture affects the development indexes on bovine embryos in vitro production.Na última década, os produtores de leite e carne bovina incrementaram consideravelmente o uso da aspiração folicular (OPU) associada à produção in vitro de embriões (IVP). Oócitos recuperados pela OPU têm qualidade diversificada e seu número reduzido requer condições diferenciadas de cultivo para a IVP. Para determinar o efeito do número de embriões e volume de meio sobre a IVP, 1428 embriões bovinos foram cultivados em grupos de 5, 10 e 20, em 1:1, 1:5 e 1:10mL de meio. Grupos de 20 oócitos foram maturados in vitro em 200mL de TCM-199+ rFSHh+10% de soro de vaca em estro (SVE), por 24h. A fecundação in vitro foi em grupos de 20 oócitos/200mL de meio Fert-Talp, por 18h com 1x10(6) espermatozóides/mL. O cultivo foi em SOFaaci+5% SVE por 8 dias. Considerando-se o dia da fecundação como D0, conduziu-se as avaliações no D2 (clivagem), D7 (blastocistos) e no D9 (eclosão). A taxa de clivagem foi superior quando o cultivo foi com 20 embriões e não foi afetada quando a proporção de meio variou (1:1; 1:5 e 1:10). Com as proporções de meio de cultivo 1:5 ou 1:10, a taxa de embriões em D7 foi superior (P<0.05) à 1:1. O número de embriões cultivados influenciou a produção de blastocistos em D7 (P<0,05) com 20 embriões/gota. Estes resultados também se refletem nos percentuais de blastocistos eclodidos em D9, sendo que 1:5 e 1:10 foram superiores (P<0,05) à 1:1. Da mesma forma, a taxa de eclosão foi superior (P<0,05) com o cultivo de 10 ou 20 embriões/gota quando comparado ao grupo de 5 embriões/gota. A redução do número de embriões e da proporção de volume de meio no cultivo, afeta os índices de desenvolvimento na produção in vitro de embriões bovinos

Individual culture of in vitro produced bovine blastocysts

In vitro produced bovine embryos were individually cultured from D7 to D9 to observe their development. Forty-nine blastocysts (early blastocyst, blastocyst and expanded blastocyst) were individually cultured, from D7 to D9 (D0= fertilization), in 50ml SOF medium plus 5% OCS. Between D7 and D8, blastocysts were cultured in straws (SC) or in plates (PC) and from D8 up to D9, they were cultured on plates. The ratio of early blastocyst, blastocyst, and expanded blastocyst advancing at least one stage of development were, respectively, 71%, 37%, 44% in PC and 100%, 66%, 36% in SC (P>;0.05). Overall development rates on D8 were not significantly different (P>;0.05) for PC (50%) and SC (60%). At D9, both culture systems produced similar (P>;0.05) hatching rates (29% and 24% for PC and SC, respectively). After fluorescent nuclei staining, the average number of cells counted in the hatched (182.7 vs. 202.8) and expanding (94.5 vs. 88.0) blastocysts were similar (P>;0.05) for PC and SC, respectively. In vitro produced bovine blastocysts can be individually cultured from D7 to D9, and the culture system employed (dishes or straws) has no effect on hatching rates and cell number of developed blastocysts.Embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro foram cultivados individualmente do D7 ao D9, com o intuito de avaliar o seu desenvolvimento posterior. Quarenta e nove embriões, nos estágios de blastocisto inicial, blastocisto e blastocisto expandido foram cultivados, individualmente, em 50ml de meio SOF + 5% SVE, do D7 ao D9 (D0=fecundação). Entre o D7 e D8, os blastocistos foram cultivados em palhetas (TcP) ou em placas (CP) e, entre o D8 e D9, foram cultivados apenas em placas. O índice de blastocistos que avançaram pelo menos um estágio de desenvolvimento, entre D7 e D8, foi de 71%, 37% e 44% no CP e de 100%, 66% e 36% no TcP, respectivamente para blastocistos iniciais, blastocistos e blastocistos expandidos. O percentual total de embriões que evoluíram do D7 para D8 foi de 50% (12/24) para o CP e de 60% (15/25) para o TcP, os quais não foram significativamente diferentes (P>;0,05). Na avaliação efetuada no D9, não foram constatadas diferenças (P>;0,05) no percentual de blastocistos eclodidos, entre os dois sistemas de cultivo (29% e 24% para CP e TcP, respectivamente). Após coloração fluorescente dos núcleos, não foi observada diferença (P>;0,05) entre o número médio de células dos blastocistos eclodidos (182,66 vs. 202,8) e expandidos (94,5 vs. 88), para o CP e TcP, respectivamente. Blastocistos bovinos produzidos in vitro podem ser cultivados individualmente do D7 ao D9, não havendo efeito do sistema de cultivo empregado (placas ou palhetas) sobre a taxa de eclosão e o número de células

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection after Vitrification of Immature Oocytes in Follicular Fluid Increases Bovine Embryo Production

Background: Despite the low efficiency caused by its harmful effects, vitrification is the technique of choice for oocyte cryopeservation, especially at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage. This enables the banking of female gametes without linkage to the male genotype. Follicular fluid (FF), in vivo, is known to provide an adequate environment to the immature oocyte. The intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), by the other hand, can be used to bypass any sperm penetration disorder, including the ones caused by cryopreservation. This study aimed to evaluate oocyte vitrification in FF based solution, and to asses ICSI efficiency in the fertilization of vitrified/warmed bovine GV oocytes.Material, Methods & Results: Follicles of 2-8 mm in diameter were aspirated from bovine ovaries obtained from a slaughterhouse, selected and maintained into FF from aspiration, until their allocation in the experimental groups. The FF used to prepare the vitrification solution was centrifuged, heat inactivated, filtered through a 0.22 mm pore and stored at -20°C. Oocyte vitrification was done into one of these three solutions: The standard solution TCM-Hepes (TH-Vitri) was compared to a totally FF based solution (FF-Vitri), and to a 50:50 (v/v) mix of both solutions (TH:FF-Vitri). Oocytes were submitted to in vitro embryo production in order to assess embryo production efficiency. A second set of experiments using the FF-Vitri solution compared IVF versus ICSI. With basis on cleaved structures, the morula + blastocyst rate obtained in the Fresh Control (43.9%) was similar to FF-Vitri (31.1%). Conversely, the TH-Vitri (15.7%) and the TH:FF-Vitri (20.4%) rates were significantly lower than the Fresh Control. ICSI showed a positive effect in comparison with IVF. The embryo development rate of Vitri-IVF (18.8%) was the lowest, whereas Vitri-ICSI (37.3%) was similar to the Fresh-IVF (43.9%), but lower than the Fresh-ICSI (57.8%).Discussion: Oocytes cryopreserved in TH based solution are known to show certain rigidity in the zona pellucida, being this event a possible cause to spermatozoa penetration disruption. Our results agree with that, since the fertilization rate for TH-Vitri was significantly lower than for the FF-Vitri. In contrast, GV oocytes vitrified in total versus partial FF based solution showed similar maturation and fertilization rates as the Fresh Control, evidencing the beneficial effect of FF during the course of vitrification. It is possible that FF helped to adjust oocyte maturation, allowing a better nuclear-cytoplasmic synchrony. Also, it might have provided some protection due to its antioxidant properties. The releasing of cortical granules induced by freezing, lead to a zona pellucida hardening and failure in sperm penetration. Factors present in the FF might block this premature releasing of cortical granules, thus ensuring that the egg retains its ability to be fertilized after maturation. The blastocysts produced from the FF-Vitri oocytes were the only ones that had the average ICM similar to the Fresh Control, evidencing that besides the similarity in morula + blastocyst rates, the embryos derived from oocytes vitrified in FF solution have also yielded best quality. When vitrified warmed oocytes were submitted to ICSI, there was an increase in the blastocyst production. This increment of embryo production with ICSI evidences a pathway to overcome the zona pellucida biological barrier. In conclusion, the use of FF as base for vitrification solution improves further embryo development; ICSI increases the embryo production of vitrified/warmed bovine GV stage oocytes

Tribulus terrestris protects against male reproductive damage induced by cyclophosphamide in mice

Tribulus terrestris (TT) has been considered as a potential stimulator of testosterone production, which has been related with steroidal saponins prevailing in this plant. Cyclophosphamide (CP) is the most commonly used anticancer and immunosuppressant drug, which causes several toxic effects, especially on the reproductive system. Patients who need to use CP therapy exhibit reduced fertility or infertility, which impacts both physically and emotionally on the decision to use this drug, especially among young men. We hypothesized that the treatment with TT dry extract would protect the male reproductive system against CP toxicity. Mice received dry extract of TT (11 mg/kg) or vehicle by gavage for 14 days. Saline or CP was injected intraperitoneally at a single dose (100 mg/kg) on the 14th day. Animals were euthanized 24 h after CP administration, and testes and epididymis were removed for biochemical and histopathological analysis and sperm evaluation. The dry extract of TT was evaluated by HPLC analysis and demonstrated the presence of protodioscin (1.48%, w/w). CP exposure increased lipid peroxidation, reactive species, and protein carbonylation and altered antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, and GR). Moreover, acute exposure to CP caused a reduction on 17 β-HSD activity, which may be related to the reduction in serum testosterone levels, histopathological changes observed in the testes, and the quality of the semen. The present study highlighted the role of TT dry extract to ameliorate the alterations induced by CP administration in mice testes, probably due to the presence of protodioscin

Transport of bovine oocytes in maturation medium without a controlled gaseous atmosphere

Oócitos (n=1177) bovinos obtidos da aspiração de folículos com diâmetro entre 2 e 8mm, de ovários de matadouro foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos com 11 repetições. Os oócitos foram maturados por 24h em TCM-199 Sais de Earle, acrescido de 25mM de bicarbonato de sódio, 25mM de HEPES, rFHS-h, Soro de Vaca em Estro (SVE) e piruvato, em estufa a 39ºC, com 5% de CO2 em ar e umidade saturada (Grupo Controle, n=296) ou, submetidos ao transporte simulado por 6 (T6, n=286), 12 (T12, n=294) ou 18h (T18, n=301) em meio de maturação TCM+HEPES, em banho-maria a 39ºC, com os mesmos componentes utilizados para o Grupo Controle, porém com apenas 1mM de bicarbonato. Decorrido cada período de transporte, os mesmos foram transferidos para placas com meio de maturação, completando o período de 24h em estufa, nas mesmas condições do Grupo Controle. O período de fecundação foi de 18h em condições semelhantes de temperatura e atmosfera gasosa, em FERT-TALP acrescido de heparina, sendo a dose inseminante de 1x106 espermatozóides/mL, selecionados por migração ascendente. Os prováveis zigotos foram cultivados em meio SOF + 5% SVE por 8 dias, em estufa a 39ºC, em bolsas gaseificadas com 5% CO2, 5% O2 e 90% N2. Na avaliação da clivagem, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos. As taxas de desenvolvimento embrionário no dia 7 foram semelhantes para os grupos Controle (20,9%), T6 (19,2%) e T12 (21,4%), com uma redução (P0,05) na taxa de eclosão. O número médio de células dos blastocistos eclodidos não diferiu (P>0,05) entre os grupos Controle (136), T6 (125,5) e T12 (126,8). Esses resultados indicam a possibilidade do transporte de oócitos bovinos em meio de maturação TCM+HEPES, sem controle da atmosfera gasosa, a 39ºC, pelo período de até 12h. Esta técnica oferece uma alternativa prática e eficiente para o transporte dos oócitos bovinos destinados à produção in vitro de embriões bovinos (PIV).Oocytes (n=1177) aspirated from 2 to 8mm follicles obtained from bovine slaughterhouse ovaries (11 replications) were randomly distributed in four treatments. Oocytes were matured for 24h with modified TCM-199 Earle salts, plus 25mM bicarbonate, 25 mM HEPES, rFSH-h, Estrus Cow Serum (ECS), and piruvate at 39oC, in incubator with 5% CO2 and saturated humidity (Control Group, n=296) or exposed to a simulated transport for 6 (T6, n=286), 12 (T12, n=294) or 18h (T18, n=301) in maturation medium containing TCM + HEPES, in a 39oC water bath, with the same components used in the Control Group, but with 1mM bicarbonate. At the conclusion of each transport period, oocytes were transferred to dishes with maturation medium to reach 24h in incubator, under the same conditions described for the Control group. Fertilization was accomplished during 18h, with the same temperature and gaseous atmosphere, in FERT-TALP plus heparin. The insemination dose was 1x106 spermatozoa/mL, sorted by swim-up. Presumptive zygotes were cultured in SOF medium + 5% ECS for 8 days, in incubator at 39oC using gasified bags with 5% CO2, 5% O2 and 90% N2. Cleavage rates did not differ between treatments. Embryonic development rates at D7 were similar for Control (20.9%), T6 (19.2%) and T12 (21.4%) groups, with a reduction (P0.05) in hatched blastocyst rate. The average number of cells of hatched blastocysts was similar (P>0.05) in Control (136), T6 (125.5) and T12 (126.8) groups. These results indicate the possibility of transporting bovine oocytes in maturation medium containing TCM + HEPES, without controlled gaseous atmosphere environment, at 39oC, for up to 12 hours. This technique offers a practical and efficient alternative for the transport of bovine oocytes for in vitro production of bovine embryos (IVP)

Transport of bovine oocytes in maturation medium without a controlled gaseous atmosphere

Oócitos (n=1177) bovinos obtidos da aspiração de folículos com diâmetro entre 2 e 8mm, de ovários de matadouro foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos com 11 repetições. Os oócitos foram maturados por 24h em TCM-199 Sais de Earle, acrescido de 25mM de bicarbonato de sódio, 25mM de HEPES, rFHS-h, Soro de Vaca em Estro (SVE) e piruvato, em estufa a 39ºC, com 5% de CO2 em ar e umidade saturada (Grupo Controle, n=296) ou, submetidos ao transporte simulado por 6 (T6, n=286), 12 (T12, n=294) ou 18h (T18, n=301) em meio de maturação TCM+HEPES, em banho-maria a 39ºC, com os mesmos componentes utilizados para o Grupo Controle, porém com apenas 1mM de bicarbonato. Decorrido cada período de transporte, os mesmos foram transferidos para placas com meio de maturação, completando o período de 24h em estufa, nas mesmas condições do Grupo Controle. O período de fecundação foi de 18h em condições semelhantes de temperatura e atmosfera gasosa, em FERT-TALP acrescido de heparina, sendo a dose inseminante de 1x106 espermatozóides/mL, selecionados por migração ascendente. Os prováveis zigotos foram cultivados em meio SOF + 5% SVE por 8 dias, em estufa a 39ºC, em bolsas gaseificadas com 5% CO2, 5% O2 e 90% N2. Na avaliação da clivagem, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos. As taxas de desenvolvimento embrionário no dia 7 foram semelhantes para os grupos Controle (20,9%), T6 (19,2%) e T12 (21,4%), com uma redução (P0,05) na taxa de eclosão. O número médio de células dos blastocistos eclodidos não diferiu (P>0,05) entre os grupos Controle (136), T6 (125,5) e T12 (126,8). Esses resultados indicam a possibilidade do transporte de oócitos bovinos em meio de maturação TCM+HEPES, sem controle da atmosfera gasosa, a 39ºC, pelo período de até 12h. Esta técnica oferece uma alternativa prática e eficiente para o transporte dos oócitos bovinos destinados à produção in vitro de embriões bovinos (PIV).Oocytes (n=1177) aspirated from 2 to 8mm follicles obtained from bovine slaughterhouse ovaries (11 replications) were randomly distributed in four treatments. Oocytes were matured for 24h with modified TCM-199 Earle salts, plus 25mM bicarbonate, 25 mM HEPES, rFSH-h, Estrus Cow Serum (ECS), and piruvate at 39oC, in incubator with 5% CO2 and saturated humidity (Control Group, n=296) or exposed to a simulated transport for 6 (T6, n=286), 12 (T12, n=294) or 18h (T18, n=301) in maturation medium containing TCM + HEPES, in a 39oC water bath, with the same components used in the Control Group, but with 1mM bicarbonate. At the conclusion of each transport period, oocytes were transferred to dishes with maturation medium to reach 24h in incubator, under the same conditions described for the Control group. Fertilization was accomplished during 18h, with the same temperature and gaseous atmosphere, in FERT-TALP plus heparin. The insemination dose was 1x106 spermatozoa/mL, sorted by swim-up. Presumptive zygotes were cultured in SOF medium + 5% ECS for 8 days, in incubator at 39oC using gasified bags with 5% CO2, 5% O2 and 90% N2. Cleavage rates did not differ between treatments. Embryonic development rates at D7 were similar for Control (20.9%), T6 (19.2%) and T12 (21.4%) groups, with a reduction (P0.05) in hatched blastocyst rate. The average number of cells of hatched blastocysts was similar (P>0.05) in Control (136), T6 (125.5) and T12 (126.8) groups. These results indicate the possibility of transporting bovine oocytes in maturation medium containing TCM + HEPES, without controlled gaseous atmosphere environment, at 39oC, for up to 12 hours. This technique offers a practical and efficient alternative for the transport of bovine oocytes for in vitro production of bovine embryos (IVP)

Cultivo individual de blastocistos bovinos produzidos in vitro

Embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro foram cultivados individualmente do D7 ao D9, com o intuito de avaliar o seu desenvolvimento posterior. Quarenta e nove embriões, nos estágios de blastocisto inicial, blastocisto e blastocisto expandido foram cultivados, individualmente, em 50ml de meio SOF + 5% SVE, do D7 ao D9 (D0=fecundação). Entre o D7 e D8, os blastocistos foram cultivados em palhetas (TcP) ou em placas (CP) e, entre o D8 e D9, foram cultivados apenas em placas. O índice de blastocistos que avançaram pelo menos um estágio de desenvolvimento, entre D7 e D8, foi de 71%, 37% e 44% no CP e de 100%, 66% e 36% no TcP, respectivamente para blastocistos iniciais, blastocistos e blastocistos expandidos. O percentual total de embriões que evoluíram do D7 para D8 foi de 50% (12/24) para o CP e de 60% (15/25) para o TcP, os quais não foram significativamente diferentes (P>;0,05). Na avaliação efetuada no D9, não foram constatadas diferenças (P>;0,05) no percentual de blastocistos eclodidos, entre os dois sistemas de cultivo (29% e 24% para CP e TcP, respectivamente). Após coloração fluorescente dos núcleos, não foi observada diferença (P>;0,05) entre o número médio de células dos blastocistos eclodidos (182,66 vs. 202,8) e expandidos (94,5 vs. 88), para o CP e TcP, respectivamente. Blastocistos bovinos produzidos in vitro podem ser cultivados individualmente do D7 ao D9, não havendo efeito do sistema de cultivo empregado (placas ou palhetas) sobre a taxa de eclosão e o número de células