Structures of technetium and rhenium complexes

Investigations in the 99mTc chemistry are stimulated by the search for new radiopharmaceuticals for nuclear medical applications. To understand the coordination mode of Tc with various complexing agents, macroscopic studies of technetium coordination chemistry are often performed using the low energy ß-emitting radionuclide 99Tc, which has a much longer half life (t1/2 = 2.12 x 105 years) than 99mTc, in the mg level. Investigations of Re coordination chemistry are done in conjunction with Tc studies because Re possesses chemical properties similar to those of Tc. For some chemical tasks, Re provides a non-radioactive alternative to work with Tc radioisotopes. In addition, 186Re and 188Re are of great interest to nuclear medicine as they possess nuclear properties favorable for use in therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Our investigations of Tc and Re coordination chemistry are toward this goal. A large series of technetium and rhenium complexes resulted from this studies have been characterized by X-ray crystal structure determinations. This survey covers the structural investigations performed by P.Leibnitz and G.Reck (BAM) from 1992 till now. It summarizes results obtained in the Rossendorf technetium group and is not intended to compete with the well-written reviews published so far

The High-Flux Backscattering Spectrometer at the NIST Center for Neutron Research

We describe the design and current performance of the high-flux backscattering spectrometer located at the NIST Center for Neutron Research. The design incorporates several state-of-the-art neutron optical devices to achieve the highest flux on sample possible while maintaining an energy resolution of less than 1mueV. Foremost among these is a novel phase-space transformation chopper that significantly reduces the mismatch between the beam divergences of the primary and secondary parts of the instrument. This resolves a long-standing problem of backscattering spectrometers, and produces a relative gain in neutron flux of 4.2. A high-speed Doppler-driven monochromator system has been built that is capable of achieving energy transfers of up to +-50mueV, thereby extending the dynamic range of this type of spectrometer by more than a factor of two over that of other reactor-based backscattering instruments

"m=1" coatings for neutron guides

A substantial fraction of the price for a supermirror neutron guide system is the shielding, which is needed because of the gamma radiation produced as a result of neutron absorption in the supermirror layers. Traditional coatings have been made of nickel-titanium heterostructures, but Ni and Ti also have a fairly high absorption cross section for cold and thermal neutrons. We examine a number of alternatives to Ni as part of a study to reduce the gamma radiation from neutron guides. Materials such as diamond and Be have higher neutron scattering density than Ni, smaller absorption cross section, and when a neutron is absorbed they emit gamma photons with lower energies. We present reflectivity data comparing Ni with Be and preliminary results from diamond coatings showing there use as neutron guide coatings. Calculations show that Be and diamond coatings emit two orders of magnitude fewer gamma photons compared to Ni, mainly because of the lower absorption cross section

"m=1" coatings for neutron guides

A substantial fraction of the price for a supermirror neutron guide system is the shielding, which is needed because of the gamma radiation produced as a result of neutron absorption in the supermirror layers. Traditional coatings have been made of nickel-titanium heterostructures, but Ni and Ti also have a fairly high absorption cross section for cold and thermal neutrons. We examine a number of alternatives to Ni as part of a study to reduce the gamma radiation from neutron guides. Materials such as diamond and Be have higher neutron scattering density than Ni, smaller absorption cross section, and when a neutron is absorbed they emit gamma photons with lower energies. We present reflectivity data comparing Ni with Be and preliminary results from diamond coatings showing there use as neutron guide coatings. Calculations show that Be and diamond coatings emit two orders of magnitude fewer gamma photons compared to Ni, mainly because of the lower absorption cross section

Testing bibliometric indicators by their prediction of scientists promotions

We have developed a method to obtain robust quantitative bibliometric indicators for several thousand scientists. This allows us to study the dependence of bibliometric indicators (such as number of publications, number of citations, Hirsch index...) on the age, position, etc. of CNRS scientists. Our data suggests that the normalized h index (h divided by the career length) is not constant for scientists with the same productivity but differents ages. We also compare the predictions of several bibliometric indicators on the promotions of about 600 CNRS researchers. Contrary to previous publications, our study encompasses most disciplines, and shows that no single indicator is the best predictor for all disciplines. Overall, however, the Hirsch index h provides the least bad correlations, followed by the number of papers published. It is important to realize however that even h is able to recover only half of the actual promotions. The number of citations or the mean number of citations per paper are definitely not good predictors of promotion

Average number and energy of gamma-rays emitted as a function of fragment mass in U235^{235} thermal-neutron-induced fission

The average number and energy of gamma-rays emitted as a function of fragment mass in $U^{235}$ thermal-neutron-induced fission have been measured. A three-parameter correlation experiment was performed in which two silicon surface barrier detectors were used to measure the fission product energies, and a 5-in-diam., 4-in-thick NaI(Tl) scintillation crystal was used to measure the gamma-ray energies. Extreme care was taken in the experimental arrangement to avoid counting direct fission neutrons, scattered gamma-rays and neutrons, and other false events. Data were recorded event-by-event in a system similar to that used in previous energy correlation experiments at Oak Ridge, and were analysed according to a "weighting method" proposed by Maier-Leibnitz. The total number and energy of the gamma-rays for both fragments as a function of mass ratio were obtained directly. The number and energy of gamma-rays for individual fragment masses were determined by making use of the variation in laboratory angular distribution and energy of the gamma-rays emitted from moving fragments. In particular, the 0° to 180° ratio of the number of gamma-rays from a moving source emitting isotropically in its centre-of-mass system is proportional to 1 + 2 x 2v/c; similariy the 0° to 180° ratio in total gamma energy is proportional to 1 + 2 x 3v/c. Thus by comparing appropriate ratlos in the analysis for light and heavy fragments moving towards or away from the gamma-ray detector, one obtains these quantities as a function of individual fragment mass. Results of preliminary analyses show interesting similarities in behaviour to those for neutrons. Both the total energy and average quantum energy of gamma-rays are essentially constant over most of the rangeof mass ratios; however a broad minimum is observed for the total energy in the region where MH $\thicksim$ 130, i. e. where $Z_{H}$ $\thicksim$ 50 or $N_{H}$ $\thicksim$ 82. An increase is observed in the total energy as the mass ratio approaches unity. The number and energy of gamma-rays emitted from individual fragments is observed to increase in both fragment groups and shows similar mass dependence, as has been observed for prompt neutrons. The average quantumenergy in the mass range of closed shells seems to be higher