Prosedur penyelesaian pembiayaan bermasalah pada akad mudharabah dalam rangka meminimalisir resiko di BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia Magelang

Permasalah kehidupan perekonomian yang sulit, membuat masyarakat berinisiatif untuk membuka usaha sendiri. Mereka membutuhkan suatu bantuan berupa dana untuk memperlancar usahanya, maka BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia Magelang ikut untuk mengembangkan produknya yaitu pembiayaan mudharabah sesuai perkembangan dunia perbankan dalam target peningkatan keuntungan dan menyejahterakan masyarakat. Dengan diberikanya pembiayaan tersebut, terkadang muncul adanya pembiayaan bermasalah dikarenakan ada beberapa faktor diantaranya ketidakmampuan anggota untuk membayar tepat waktu atau jatuh tempo pembayaran diakibatkan karena usaha anggota yang kurang lancar dan lain sebagaianya. Tugas Akhir ini berjudul “ Prosedur Penyelesaian Pembiayaan Bermasalah pada Akad Mudharabah Dalam Rangka Meminimalisir Risiko” Berdasarkan judul tersebut dapat diambil rumusan masalah yaitu apa penyebab terjadinya pembiayaan bermasalah pada BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia Magelang dan bagaimana prosedur penyelesaian pembiayaaan bermasalah pada akad mudharabah di BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia Magelang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan dimana sumber data yang digunakan berasal dari data primer dan sekunder yang diperoleh melalui metode wawancara dengan manajer, bagian pembiayaan dan dokumentasi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk menggambarkan secara sistematis dan akurat mengenai objek penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyebab terjadinya pembiayaan bermasalah yaitu faktor internal meliputi kurang telitinya petugas BMT dalam menganalisi data calon anggota, kurang disiplinya dalam penagihan dan eksternal meliputi karakter anggota yang kurang baik, usahanya bangkrut dan terjadinya bencana alam yang tidak terduga. Adapun prosesdur yang digunakan BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia dalam menyelesaian pembiayaan bermasalah pada akad mudharabah dengan cara kekeluargaan atau musyawarah dengan anggota, penjadwalan kembali (rescheduling), persyaratan kembali (reconditioning), pengambilan jaminan (eksekusi), dan write off final. Di BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia dalam penyelesaian pembiayaan bermasalah jarang menngunakan jalur hukum, tetapi sering menggunakan cara kekeluargaan yang dianggap lebih efektif dan eksekusi jaminan apabila anggota tersebut sudah mengalami macet atau bermasalah

The return-volatility correlation functions for the simulated results of the S&P 500 and Shanghai indices, and for those of the controls.

<p>The S&P 500 and Shanghai indices exhibit the leverage and anti-leverage effects, respectively. For the leverage effect, we consider two cases: is asymmetric; is symmetric. The latter is the control. For the anti-leverage effect, we consider the following cases: both and are asymmetric; only is asymmetric; only is asymmetric; both and are symmetric. The last three cases are controls. For each case, the simulation is performed for 100 times, and the average is displayed.</p

The values of and of the exponential fit for the six indices and the corresponding simulations.

<p>Student’s <i>t</i>-test is performed to analyze the statistical significance of . A <i>p</i>-value less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant.</p

The return-volatility correlation functions for the S&P 500 and Shanghai indices, and for the corresponding simulations.

<p>The S&P 500 and Shanghai indices are simulated with and , respectively. Dashed lines show an exponential fit with and for the S&P 500 Index and the Shanghai Index.</p

The values of , , , , and for the six indices.

<p>, and are determined from the historical data for each index. We calculate from and , and from . Student’s t-test is performed to analyze the statistical significance of . A p-value less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant. We compute from the linear relation between and for all these indices. As for the Shanghai Index is negative, it is rounded down to the nearest integer, while for other indices are positive, and each of them is rounded up to the nearest integer.</p

The relation of and .

<p>With set to be −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively, time series is simulated 100 times for . The corresponding is computed and averaged for each . This plot shows a linear relation of and , i.e., , and this result remains robust for between 0.9 and 1.1.</p

The auto-correlation functions of volatilities for the S&P 500 and Shanghai indices, and for the corresponding simulations.

<p>For clarity, the curves for the S&P 500 Index have been shifted down by a factor of 10.</p

The cumulative distributions of absolute returns for the S&P 500 and Shanghai indices, and for the corresponding simulations.

<p>For clarity, the curves for the S&P 500 Index have been shifted left by a factor of 8.5.</p

The effective pairs of time windows for five representative indices.

<p>The probability difference (<b>a</b>) Δ<i>P</i>(<i>t</i>) and (<b>b</b>) Δ<i>P</i>₁(<i>t</i>) for five stock market indices. Different colors represent the regions of effective pairs of <i>T</i>₁ and <i>T</i>₂ for different indices. Specifically, navy stands for the Brazil Index, orange stands for the Shanghai Index, red stands for the Mexico Index, yellow stands for the Spanish Index and crimson stands for the S&P 500 Index. For clarity, we display only one color at the overlapping regions, given that these regions are small. Some scattered points are also omitted.</p

Probing the Radical and Base Dual Properties of Peptide Sulfinyl Radicals via Mass Spectrometry

Heteroatom-centered radicals are known to play critical roles in atmospheric chemistry, organic synthesis, and biology. While most studies have focused on the radical reactivity such as hydrogen abstraction, the base properties of heteroatom-centered radicals have long been overlooked, despite the profound consequences, such as their ability to participate in hydrogen-bonding networks. In this study, we use the sulfinyl radical (−SO^•) as a model to show that the dual properties of heteroatom-centered radicals, that is, their ability to function as a radical and a base, can coexist in peptides and be differentiated by examining the loss of hydrosulfinyl radical (SOH) upon unimolecular dissociation of the peptide sulfinyl radical ions in the gas phase. The loss of SOH can result from two channels; one involves hydrogen atom abstraction, which reflects the radical property; the other is initiated by proton transfer to the sulfinyl radical, manifesting its base property. Tuning of the two properties of peptide sulfinyl radicals can be achieved by varying the chemical properties of the neighboring functional groups, which demonstrates the influence of the local chemical environment on the behavior of the radical species. The experimental approach established in this study to probe the dual chemical property of the peptide sulfinyl radical can be potentially applied to studying other types of heteroatom-centered radical species of biological significance