Normative ratings for 111 Swedish nouns and corresponding picture stimuli

Normative ratings are a means to control for the effects of confounding variables in psycholinguistic experiments. This paper introduces a new dataset of normative ratings for Swedish encompassing 111 concrete nouns and the corresponding picture stimuli in the MultiPic database (Duñabeitia et al. 2017). The norms for name agreement, category typicality, age of acquisition and subjective frequency were collected using online surveys among native speakers of the Finland-Swedish variety of Swedish. The paper discusses the inter-correlations between these variables and compares them against available ratings for other languages. In doing so, the paper argues that ratings for age of acquisition and subjective frequency collected for other languages may be applied to psycholinguistic studies on Finland-Swedish, at least with respect to concrete and highly imageable nouns. In contrast, norms for name agreement should be collected from speakers of the same language variety as represented by the subjects in the actual experiments

What should everyone know about language? On the fluidity of important questions in linguistics

This contribution examines whether there is agreement within the global community of linguists on what should constitute common knowledge about language among the general public. We report the results of a large-scale survey study where we asked established linguists around the world (n = 552) to rate 15 language-related questions with respect to how important it is that the public has knowledge about them. We analyze the ratings in relation to the demographic data that we collected from the respondents. Using ordinal logistic regression models, we show that the opinions regarding what is important for everyone to know vary between linguists from different parts of the world as well as between linguists working in different subfields of linguistics. The study provides an empirical starting point for a broader reflection on the field of linguistics and the variation therein with respect to views about public outreach and knowledge transfer

Probabilistisk syntaktisk analys av engelska adjektiv i svensk tidningstext

Föreliggande studie analyserar kvantitativt den syntaktiska användningen av 123 former av engelska adjektivimporter i en svensk tidningskorpus. Analysen är probabilistisk, dvs. den anger för varje adjektivform dess statistiska benägenhet att förekomma i respektive syntaktisk funktion. Studien granskar hur adjektivens syntaktiska användningsmönster förhåller sig till deras övriga lexikala egenskaper, i synnerhet deras morfologiska form och registertillhörighet. Resultaten av studien visar att adjektivimporternas syntaktiska användning på ett generellt plan påverkas av tre faktorer: böjningsform, registertillhörighet och morfologisk anpassningsgrad. Adjektivens böjningskategorier har olika syntaktisk användningspotential, men analysen avslöjar även skillnader som inte är morfosyntaktiskt betingade. Pluralformer prefererar den attributiva funktionen i högre grad än utrumformer. Talspråkliga neutrumformer och morfologiskt oanpassade adjektivimporter används i sin tur helst predikativt. Ur ett metodologiskt perspektiv åskådliggör studien hur probabilistiska korpusbaserade analyser avslöjar gradskillnader inom lingvistiska kategorier

Interrelated lexical properties : English adjective imports in a Swedish newspaper corpus

The study examines the use of 133 recent (1945-1999; according to Stålhammar 2003) English adjective imports in a Swedish newspaper corpus from 1965-2004 (110 million words). The aim of the study is twofold: (i) to describe the special character of adjective imports and their integration process in relation to other import words as described in earlier studies, and (ii) to inspect the connection between the lexical properties and preferences of adjective imports at different linguistic levels. In particular, the study examines the covariance between the morphological properties and syntactic and collocational preferences of adjective imports. The study utilizes cluster analyses and collocation analysis in order to compare the distributional properties of each adjective form. The results show that the integration process of adjective imports is fundamentally different from that of noun imports. The formal adaptation of adjective imports takes place on the basis of morphosyntactic requirements that apply to the class of adjectives in Swedish in general. It is shown that these requirements are most applicable to grammatical agreement in number and definiteness. The practice of adaptation co-varies with a number of the lexical properties of adjective imports: etymology, morphological form, syntactic use, collocation pattern and sociopragmatic characteristics. The lexical properties discussed in the study are shown to be closely interrelated. Using a probabilistic syntactic analysis as a starting point, the study demonstrates that the subject complement (predicative) function is preferred for adjectives which preserve a foreign morphological form and, more generally, for adjectives which belong to an informal oral register as reflected by their collocation pattern. In turn, an informal lexical context and the subject complement predicative function exert comparatively little pressure on the formal adaptation of adjective imports. Thus, each lexical property of an adjective both reflects and enforces other properties at different linguistic levels. Methodologically, it is shown that a quantitative analysis conducted simultaneously on a large number of lexical units gives valuable insight into both the relationship between units within a linguistic category and the relationship between different levels of linguistic analysis.Studien behandlar användningen av engelska adjektivimporter i svensk tidningstext. Studieobjektet utgörs av 133 adjektiv som har importerats från engelskan till svenskan 1945-1999 (utgående från Stålhammar 2003). Materialet består av 11 tidningskorpusar fördelade över åren 1965-2004, totalt ca 110 miljoner löpord. Syftet med studien är tvåfaldigt: (i) att beskriva särdragen hos adjektivimporter och deras anpassningspraxis i förhållande till övriga importord och (ii) att redogöra för generella tendenser hos samvariationen mellan adjektivimporternas egenskaper och preferenser på olika lingvistiska nivåer - i synnerhet deras anpassningsgrad, morfologiska egenskaper samt deras syntaktiska och kollokationella preferenser. Studien utnyttjar klusteranalyser och kollokationsanalyser för att jämföra de distributionella egenskaperna hos respektive adjektivform. Resultaten visar att anpassningspraxisen är avsevärt annorlunda för adjektivimporter än för substantivimporter. Anpassningen av adjektivimporterna styrs primärt av de morfosyntaktiska kraven på adjektivens kongruensböjning. Dessa krav är störst vid species- och numeruskongruensen. Anpassningspraxisen för adjektivimporter samvarierar med flera av adjektivens lexikala egenskaper: härstamning, morfologisk form, syntaktisk preferens, kollokationsmönster och registertillhörighet. Av resultaten framgår att adjektivens lexikala egenskaper är interrelaterade på ett intrikat sätt. Med utgångspunkt i adjektivimporternas syntaktiska preferenser visar analyserna att predikativ funktion prefereras för oanpassade adjektivimporter och mer generellt för adjektivimporter som tillhör ett talspråkligt register. Predikativ funktion föredras också i högre grad för utrum- och neutrumformer än för pluralformer. Attributiv och adverbiell funktion prefereras däremot för adjektivimporter från formellare register. Registertillhörigheten återspeglas av adjektivens kollokationsmönster. Studien åskådliggör följaktligen att var och en av de lexikala egenskaperna både påverkas av och påverkar egenskaperna på andra lingvistiska nivåer. På ett metodologiskt plan demonstrerar studien hur en kvantitativ analys som görs parallellt för ett stort antal studieobjekt kan belysa de mer allmänna förhållandena mellan lexikala enheter inom en viss lingvistisk kategori samt mellan lexikala egenskaper på olika lingvistiska nivåer

Management of jugular bulb injury during drilling of the internal auditory canal (ICA) for vestibular schwannoma surgery

The retrosigmoid approach for vestibular schwannoma surgery has remained the standard approach by most neurosurgeons. Drilling the posterior wall of the internal auditory meatus (IAM) is an essential step in removing the intrameatal tumor. During IAM drilling, three anatomical structures can be encountered, including the posterior semicircular canal, vestibular aqueduct, and jugular bulb. Any of these can be injured during drilling, especially if the jugular bulb lies above the inferior edge of the IAM. Although IAM drilling is performed in most vestibular schwannoma surgeries, information on how to manage complications such as jugular bulb injury is lacking. Here we use an intraoperative video to demonstrate how to manage the inadvertent injury to the jugular bulb in order to avoid massive blood loss. We present a case of a 39-year-old woman with hearing loss, diagnosed with a cerebellopontine angle mass extending into the IAM. Surgery was required due to tumor progression. We used the retrosigmoid approach to access the tumor. During IAM drilling, the jugular bulb was injured. A thin layer of bone wax was applied under continuous suction. The margins of the wax were then gently compressed with a dissector; great care was taken to avoid pushing the wax into the jugular bulb. Excess bone wax was removed (video 1). A small diamond drill (2 mm) was used for further drilling. Our instructional video shows the surgical approach, microsurgical anatomy, and technical aspects of managing massive bleeding from jugular bulb injury. It should therefore be helpful for young neurosurgeons.Non peer reviewe

Etummaisen aivovaltimon ja sen haarojen aivovaltimopullistumat

Objective: Distal anterior cerebral artery (DACA) aneurysms represent about 6% of all intracranial aneurysms. So far, only small series on treatment of these aneurysms have been published. Our aim is to evaluate the anatomic features, microneurosurgical techniques, treatment results, and long-term outcome in patients treated for DACA aneurysms. Patients and methods: We analyzed the clinical and radiological data on 517 consecutive patients diagnosed with DACA aneurysm at two neurosurgical centers serving solely the Southern (Helsinki) and Eastern (Kuopio) Finland in 1936–2007, and used a defined subgroup of the whole study population in each part of the study. Detailed anatomic analysis was performed in 101 consecutive patients from 1998 to 2007. Treatment results were analyzed in 427 patients treated between 1980 to 2005, the era of CT imaging and microneurosurgery. Long-term treatment outcome of ruptured DACA aneurysm(s) was evaluated in 280 patients with a median follow-up of 10 years; no patients were lost to follow-up. Results: DACA aneurysms, found most often (83%) at the A3 segment of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA), were smaller (median 6 mm vs. 8 mm), more frequently associated with multiple aneurysms (35% vs. 18%), and presented more often with intracerebral hematomas (ICHs) (53% vs. 26%) than ruptured aneurysms in general. They were associated with anomalies of the ACA in 23% of the patients. Microsurgical treatment showed similar complication rates (treatment morbidity 15%, treatment mortality 0.4%) as for other ruptured aneurysms. At one year after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), DACA aneurysms had equally favorable outcome (GOS≥4) as other ruptured aneurysms (74% vs. 69%) but their mortality was lower (13% vs. 24%). Factors predicting unfavorable outcome for ruptured DACA aneurysms were advanced age, Hunt&Hess≥3, rebleeding before treatment, ICH, intraventricular hemorrhage, and severe preoperative hydrocephalus. The cumulative relative survival ratio showed 16% excess mortality in patients with ruptured DACA aneurysm during the first three years after SAH compared to the matched general population. From the fourth year onwards, there was no excess mortality during the follow-up. There were four episodes of recurrent SAH, only one due to treated DACA aneurysm, with a 10-year cumulative risk of 1.4%. Conclusions: The special neurovascular features and frequent association with anterior cerebral artery anomalies must be taken into account when planning occlusive treatment of DACA aneurysms. Clipping of DACA aneurysms provides a long-lasting result, with very small rates of rebleeding. After surviving three years from rupture of DACA aneurysm, the long-term survival of these patients becomes similar to that of the matched general population.Aivovaltimopullistuma on pussimainen, ulkoneva rakenne, joka voi kehittyä valtimon haarautumiskohtaan. Pullistuman syntyyn vaikuttaa perimä, veren paikallinen virtausjakauma, sekä useat ulkoiset syyt kuten tupakanpoltto. Aivovaltimopullistuman seinämä on tavallista valtimoseinämää selvästi heikompi, minkä vuoksi se voi revetä ja aiheuttaa aivoverenvuodon, ns. lukinkalvonalaisen vuodon, joka on hengenvaarallinen tila. Suomalaisessa väestössä noin 2-3 %:lla, eli noin 100 000 suomalaisella, on aivovaltimopullistuma, joista vuosittain vuotaa noin 1000. Kaikista nykyhoidoista huolimatta vuotoon edelleen menehtyy noin puolet, eli Suomessa kuolee vuosittain lähes 500 ihmistä aivovaltimopullistuman aiheuttamaan vuotoon; enemmän kuin liikenteessä. Tauti esiintyy etenkin nuorilla ja työikäisillä, minkä vuoksi menetettyjen työelinvuosien määrä on suuri, sillä vain joka viides potilas palaa takaisin työelämään. Aivovaltimopullistuman tarkka sijainti vaikuttaa taudin kulkuun ja ennusteeseen. Harvinainen sijaintipaikka on etummainen aivovaltimo ja sen haarat, joiden varrella sijaitsee noin 6% kaikista aivovaltimopullistumista. Näiden suonien aivovaltimopullistumista tiedetään suhteellisen vähän, aiemmin julkaistut aineistot ovat olleet pieniä, muutamien kymmenien potilaiden joukkoja. Tässä väitöskirjassa tarkastellaan kaikkia HYKS- ja KYS/Neurokirurgian klinikan potilaita, joilta on hoidettu yksi tai useampi etummaisen aivovaltimon pullistuma. Näin saatiin kerättyä maailman suurin potilasaineisto, joka koostuu 517 potilaasta vuosilta 1936–2007. Aineistosta tekee ainutlaatuisen sen laajuus, pitkä seuranta-aika, sekä erinomaiset seurantatiedot kaikista potilaista. Tutkimuksessa perehdyttiin etummaisen aivovaltimon pullistumien ominaispiirteisiin, kuvantamislöydöksiin, leikkausmenetelmiin, hoidon tuloksiin sekä potilaiden pitkäaikaisennusteeseen. Väitöskirjatyö osoitti, että etummaisen aivovaltimon pullistumat ovat vuotaessaan kooltaan pienempiä kuin aivovaltimopullistumat yleensä ja niihin liittyy runsaasti etummaisen aivovaltimon rakenteellisia poikkeavuuksia. Hoitotulokset olivat hieman paremmat ja kuolleisuus oli selvästi pienempi kuin muissa aivovaltimopullistumissa. Pitkäaikaisessa seurannassa kerran hoidetun pullistuman uusintavuoto oli aivan poikkeuksellista. Ainutlaatuisen aineistomme pohjalta loimme uuden luokittelujärjestelmän pullistumien sijainnille ja esitimme otollisimpia leikkausmenetelmiä kullekin sijainnille huomattavasti laajemmin ja yksityiskohtaisemmin kuin mitä aiemmin on kuvattu. Tutkimuksen tulokset ovat vaikuttaneet nykyisiin hoitokäytäntöihin

Brainstem intraparenchymal schwannoma : A case report and literature review

Publisher Copyright: ©2021 Published by Scientific Scholar on behalf of Surgical Neurology InternationalBackground: Intracranial intraparenchymal schwannomas (IS) are rare tumors that have mainly been described in case reports. Here, we report on a case of a brainstem IS and included a comprehensive literature review. Case Description: A 74-year-old man presented with progressive gait disturbances. CT- and MRI-imaging revealed a contrast-enhancing mass accompanied by a cyst in the dorsolateral pons. Hemangioblastoma was suspected and surgery was advised. During surgery, gross total resection of a non-invasive tumor was performed. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. Based on histopathological examination, the intraparenchymal brainstem tumor was diagnosed as schwannoma. Conclusion: Our extensive review illustrates that ISs are benign tumors that most often present in relatively young patients. Malignant cases have been described but form an extremely rare entity. Preoperative diagnosis based on radiological features is difficult but should be considered when peritumoral edema, calcifications, and cysts are noted. In benign cases, gross total resection of the lesion is curative. To adequately select this treatment and adjust the surgical strategy accordingly, it is important to include IS in the preoperative differential diagnosis when the abovementioned radiological features are present.Peer reviewe

Bypass Surgery for Complex Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysms : 39 Consecutive Patients

OBJECTIVE: Bypass surgery is a special technique used to treat complex internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms. The aim of this retrospective study is to provide a comprehensive description of treatment and outcome of complex ICA aneurysms at different ICA segments (cavernous, supraclinoid, ICA bifurcation) treated with bypass procedures. METHODS: We identified 39 consecutive patients with 41 complex ICA aneurysms that were treated with 44 bypass procedures between 1998 and 2016. We divided the aneurysms into 3 anatomic subgroups to review our treatment strategy. All the imaging studies and medical records were reviewed for relevant information. RESULTS: The aneurysm occlusion (n = 34, 83%) or flow modification (n = 5, 12%) was achieved in 39 aneurysms (95%). The long-term bypass patency rate was 68% (n = 30). Minor postoperative ischemia or hemorrhage was commonly seen (n = 20, 51%), but large-scale strokes were rare (n = 1, 3%). Preoperative dysfunction of extraocular muscles (cranial nerves III, IV, and VI) showed low-to-moderate improvement rates (20%-50%). Preoperative vision disturbance (cranial nerve II) improved seldom (22%). At the latest follow-up (mean; 51 months) 29 patients (74%) were independent (modified Rankin Scale CONCLUSIONS: Bypass surgery for complex ICA aneurysms is a feasible treatment method with an acceptable risk profile. Patients should be informed of the uncertainty related to improvement of pretreatment cranial nerve dysfunctions.Peer reviewe

Mirror Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms in a Patient with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

BACKGROUND: Mirror distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms (DACAAs) are a rare finding in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, with only a few cases reported. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 40-year-old man was admitted for sudden-onset headache, nausea and vomiting, and transient right arm hypoesthesia. Computed tomography scan showed a subarachnoid hemorrhage with intracerebral hemorrhage within the interhemispheric fissure, but computed tomography angiography failed to identify any aneurysms. Subsequent digital subtraction angiography with three-dimensional reconstructions revealed 1.5-mm-diameter mirror DACAAs on the A3 segments. However, the definite rupture site remained unidentifiable. After interdisciplinary consultation, endovascular treatment was favored, and complete occlusion of both DACAAs was achieved by coiling without stent placement. During coiling of the right DACAA, a thrombus in the right callosomarginal artery formed, and treatment with abciximab (ReoPro) was initiated to dissolve the thrombus. After treatment, the patient presented with right leg paresis; however, computed tomography did not show any ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage increase, or vasospasm. Over the following days, the leg paresis improved, and the patient achieved increased mobilization. He was transferred for further rehabilitation 16 days after hemorrhage. The leg paresis had recovered to a grade 3/5. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid identification of the rupture site in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and multiple aneurysms is crucial for initiating optimal treatment. In patients with mirror aneurysms in close proximity to each other, this is not easily accomplished, complicating treatment decisions. Although clipping has been the standard for DACAA occlusion, coiling should be taken into consideration as a viable alternative.Peer reviewe