T Cell Responses during Acute Respiratory Virus Infection

This article is made available for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.The T cell response is an integral and essential part of the host immune response to acute virus infection. Each viral pathogen has unique, frequently nuanced, aspects to its replication, which affects the host response and as a consequence the capacity of the virus to produce disease. There are, however, common features to the T cell response to viruses, which produce acute limited infection. This is true whether virus replication is restricted to a single site, for example, the respiratory tract (RT), CNS etc., or replication is in multiple sites throughout the body. In describing below the acute T cell response to virus infection, we employ acute virus infection of the RT as a convenient model to explore this process of virus infection and the host response. We divide the process into three phases: the induction (initiation) of the response, the expression of antiviral effector activity resulting in virus elimination, and the resolution of inflammation with restoration of tissue homeostasis

The Principles of Proton Probe Microanalysis in Biology

The proton microprobe, more correctly described as an ion microprobe which operates at MeV energies, complements its parent instrument the electron microprobe. This paper compares the basic principles and performance of the two instruments and relates the evolution of biological analysis on such ion microprobes to that on electron microprobes, covering the development of sample handling techniques and of data handling techniques and comparing beam damage studies. The paper describes the variety of techniques available to the ion microprobe - the initial techniques of Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis, Rutherford Back Scattering and Nuclear Reaction Analysis and the rapid evolution of new techniques, from Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy to 3-dimensional tomography. All of these new techniques required the advanced computerised data handling which has been a feature of ion microprobe development

Laser-zone Growth in a Ribbon-to-ribbon (RTR) Process Silicon Sheet Growth Development for the Large Area Silicon Sheet Task of the Low Cost Solar Array Project

A technique for growing limited-length ribbons continually was demonstrated. This Rigid Edge technique can be used to recrystallize about 95% of the polyribbon feedstock. A major advantage of this method is that only a single, constant length silicon ribbon is handled throughout the entire process sequence; this may be accomplished using cassettes similar to those presently in use for processing Czochralski waters. Thus a transition from Cz to ribbon technology can be smoothly affected. The maximum size being considered, 3 inches x 24 inches, is half a square foot, and will generate 6 watts for 12% efficiency at 1 sun. Silicon dioxide has been demonstrated as an effective, practical diffusion barrier for use during the polyribbon formation

Bone measurements and body weights from some Australian feral pigs

A small sample of pig skulls and part-skeletons from Australian feral pigs is described below. The specimens were collected in the initial stage of a research project intended to look at the process of animal domestication when going in reverse, as with the feral pigs of Australia. However, this project was never completed. The data below is offered in the hope that it is sufficient to be useful to those with an interest in pig osteology, and perhaps to encourage further work

Measurements of total alkalinity and inorganic dissolved carbon in the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent Southern Ocean between 2008 and 2010

Water column dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity were measured during five hydrographic sections in the Atlantic Ocean and Drake Passage. The work was funded through the Strategic Funding Initiative of the UK's Oceans2025 programme, which ran from 2007 to 2012. The aims of this programme were to establish the regional budgets of natural and anthropogenic carbon in the North Atlantic, the South Atlantic, and the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, as well as the rates of change of these budgets. This paper describes in detail the dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity data collected along east–west sections at 47° N to 60° N, 24.5° N, and 24° S in the Atlantic and across two Drake Passage sections. Other hydrographic and biogeochemical parameters were measured during these sections, and relevant standard operating procedures are mentioned here. Over 95% of dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity samples taken during the 24.5° N, 24° S, and the Drake Passage sections were analysed onboard and subjected to a first-level quality control addressing technical and analytical issues. Samples taken along 47° N to 60° N were analysed and subjected to quality control back in the laboratory. Complete post-cruise second-level quality control was performed using cross-over analysis with historical data in the vicinity of measurements, and data were submitted to the CLIVAR and Carbon Hydrographic Data Office (CCHDO), the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) and and will be included in the Global Ocean Data Analyses Project, version 2 (GLODAP 2), the upcoming update of Key et al. (2004)

Residential school placements for children and young people with intellectual disabilities: their use and implications for adult social care

Out of area residential placements are associated with a range of poor outcomes for adults with intellectual disabilities and behaviours that challenge. In recent years there has been an increased drive to reduce such placements at as early a stage as possible. In this context the current review collates research and policy regarding use of residential schools for children and young people with intellectual disabilities and transition from these settings to adult services. The review highlights that relatively little is known about both use of, and transition from, residential schooling for children and young people with intellectual disabilities in the UK. Thirteen articles are identified: 7 examining the child or families’ experiences before placement, 4 examining outcomes during the placement, and 4 examining the process of transitioning from the placement and longer term outcomes. The methodological quality of articles was often limited. A lack of control groups, independent samples, or adequate sample sizes was particularly notable. Results are discussed in relation to factors that lead to a child’s placement in a residential school, children and families’ experiences of the placement, and outcomes following placement, including the transition process. A number of research priorities are highlighted based on gaps in the literature. Examples of alternative forms of support from clinical practice are provided, with recognition that a multi-element model is likely to be needed to provide high quality support to this group of young people

Introduction of postpartum and post abortion family planning into three hospitals in South Sudan

Introduction: Postpartum/post abortion family planning is a service provided for women who have given birth or had a spontaneous abortion. Due to low uptake of contraception in South Sudan, increasing contraceptive use is important to achieve Sustainable Development Goals.Objective: To introduce postpartum/post abortion family planning to women who have delivered or undergone spontaneous abortion at Juba  Teaching Hospital, Tambura Hospital, and Yei Hospital.Method: This was a project initiated by Lund University in South Sudan as a part of a capacity building international training programme in sexual and reproductive health and rights. The aim was to introduce the use of postpartum/post abortion family planning and train health care providers.Results: From the three hospitals, 1373 women who had delivered were counselled and 404 accepted postpartum contraceptives. Of 285 women who had had a spontaneous abortion and were counselled, 22 accepted contraceptives. During the project, 15 health providers were trained to promote and champion the use of postpartum and post abortion family planning provision.Conclusion: This study shows that training of health care staff to advocate and promote postpartum/post abortion contraception is effective and  can contribute to family planning services. Keywords: postpartum, post abortion, family planning, contraceptives, South Suda