30 research outputs found

    Farmers' risk preferences in 11 European farming systems: A multi-country replication of Bocquého et al. (2014)

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    We replicate Bocquého et al. (2014), who used multiple price lists to investigate the risk preferences of 107 French farmers. We collected new data from 1430 participants in 11 European farming systems. In agreement with the original study, farmers' risk preferences are best described by Cumulative Prospect Theory. Structural model estimates show that farmers in the new samples are, on average, less loss averse and more susceptible to probability distortion than in the original study. Explorative analyses indicate differences between estimation approaches, as well as heterogeneity between and within samples. We discuss challenges in replications of economic experiments with farmers across farming contexts

    Farmers' risk preferences in 11 European farming systems: A multi-country replication of Bocqueho et al. (2014)

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    We replicate Bocqueho et al. (2014), who used multiple price lists to investigate the risk preferences of 107 French farmers. We collected new data from 1430 participants in 11 European farming systems. In agreement with the original study, farmers' risk preferences are best described by Cumulative Prospect Theory. Structural model estimates show that farmers in the new samples are, on average, less loss averse and more susceptible to probability distortion than in the original study. Explorative analyses indicate differences between estimation approaches, as well as heterogeneity between and within samples. We discuss challenges in replications of economic experiments with farmers across farming contexts

    COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

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    Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≀ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≄ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

    Continuité pharmaceutique en événements à caractÚre NRBCe : du point de rassemblement des victimes à la prise en charge hospitaliÚre

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    Dans le cadre de la rĂ©ponse opĂ©rationnelle aux risques et menaces NuclĂ©aires, Radiologiques, Biologiques, Chimiques et explosif (NRBCe), l’Etat français a prĂ© positionnĂ© des moyens spĂ©cifiques de produits de santĂ© au sein des Etablissements de SantĂ© et des Services d’Incendie et de Secours. Ces moyens spĂ©cifiques ont pour objectifs de permettre la prise en charge de 250 victimes en Urgence Relative (UR) et de 50 Victimes en Urgence Absolue (UA) dans les premiĂšres heures. La prise en charge thĂ©rapeutique d’une victime d’un Ă©vĂšnement Ă  caractĂšre NRBCe nĂ©cessite une organisation liĂ©e aux traitements et Ă  la cinĂ©tique diffĂ©rente en fonction de l’agent mis Ă  cause. Cette thĂšse met en avant les difficultĂ©s rencontrĂ©es actuellement et vise Ă  avancer des propositions afin d’apporter une continuitĂ© de la rĂ©ponse pharmaceutique sur le terrain prĂ©-hospitalier dans le cadre d’un Ă©vĂšnement majeur Ă  caractĂšre NRBCe. La continuitĂ© pharmaceutique s’intĂšgre dans un dispositif global passant par la planification des moyens disponibles, la formation des acteurs et la mise en place d’une dĂ©marche commune inter-services afin de garantir une prĂ©sence pharmaceutique opĂ©rationnelle sur le terrain prĂ© hospitalier

    Pronostic fonctionnel des patients traités pour un infarctus cérébral par thrombolyse intraveineuse combinée à la thrombectomie mécanique versus thrombectomie mécanique seule

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    Objectif : Comparer le pronostic fonctionnel Ă . 3 mois des patients victimes d'un infarctus cĂ©rĂ©bral (IC) avec occlusion d'un gros vaisseau traitĂ©s par thĂ©rapie combinĂ©e (thrombolyse intra-veineuse et thrombectomie mĂ©canique, TIV+TM ) versus thrombectomie mĂ©canique (TM) seule. MĂ©thodes Il s'agit d'une Ă©tude descriptive, rĂ©trospective, monocentrique, au CHU de Rouen, portant sur les patients victimes d'un IC entre le 1er novembre 2011 et le 30 juin 2019, directement admis au CHU. Nous avons inclus les patients ayant prĂ©sentĂ© un IC avec occlusion artĂ©rielle cĂ©rĂ©brale proximale Ă©ligibles Ă  un traitement par TM, associĂ© ou non Ă  une TIV. Nous avons ensuite comparĂ© k pronostic fonctionnel des patients traitĂ©s par thĂ©rapie combinĂ©e Ă  celui des patients traitĂ©s par TM seule. Les patients n'ayant bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© que d'une TIV sans TM, du fait d'une recanalisation post-TIV, ont Ă©tĂ© inclus dans l'analyse. Le critĂšre de jugement principal Ă©tait le score de Rankin modifiĂ© Ăą 3 mois. Une bonne Ă©volution clinique Ă©tait dĂ©finie par un score de Rankin RĂ©sultats : Parmi les 265 patients inclus, 115 ont reçu un traitement par thĂ©rapie combinĂ©e et 138 par TM seule. Une recanalisation post-TIV a Ă©tĂ© mise en Ă©vidence chez 12 patients. Les rĂ©sultats montrent un bĂ©nĂ©fice au traitement par thĂ©rapie combinĂ©e sur le pronostic fonctionnel Ă  3 mois par rapport au traitement par TM seule (p = 0.006). Le taux de dĂ©cĂšs est plus important dans le groupe TM seule (p = 0.048). On ne retrouve pas de diffĂ©rence significative entre nos deux groupes concernant le taux de transformation hĂ©morragique cĂ©rĂ©brale, d'ischĂ©mies cĂ©rĂ©brales dans un nouveau territoire N asculairc ni du score de recanalisation TIC1. Discussion et conclusion : Nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent de poursuivre la rĂ©alisation de la TIV lorsqu'elle est indiquĂ©e, en amont de la TM, comme recommandĂ© actuellement. La TlV pourrait faciliter la lyse du thrombus et ainsi le geste de TM, raccourcir les dĂ©lais de recanalisation, sans augmenter le risque hĂ©morragique cĂ©rĂ©bral. NĂ©anmoins, son intĂ©rĂȘt doit Ă©tre prĂ©cisĂ© grĂące Ă  des essais randomisĂ©s dont plusieurs sont actuellement en cours

    Population genomic evidence of adaptive response during the invasion history of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> in the Americas

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    Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent agent of human malaria, spread from Africa to all continents following the out-of-Africa human migrations. During the transatlantic slave trade between the 16th and 19th centuries, it was introduced twice independently to the Americas where it adapted to new environmental conditions (new human populations and mosquito species). Here, we analyzed the genome-wide polymorphisms of 2,635 isolates across the current P. falciparum distribution range in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas to investigate its genetic structure, invasion history, and selective pressures associated with its adaptation to the American environment. We confirmed that American populations originated from Africa with at least two independent introductions that led to two genetically distinct clusters, one in the North (Haiti and Colombia) and one in the South (French Guiana and Brazil), and an admixed Peruvian group. Genome scans revealed recent and more ancient signals of positive selection in the American populations. Particularly, we detected positive selection signals in genes involved in interactions with hosts (human and mosquito) cells and in genes involved in resistance to malaria drugs in both clusters. Analyses suggested that for five genes, adaptive introgression between clusters or selection on standing variation was at the origin of this repeated evolution. This study provides new genetic evidence on P. falciparum colonization history and on its local adaptation in the Americas.</p

    Population genomic evidence of adaptive response during the invasion history of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> in the Americas

    Get PDF
    Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent agent of human malaria, spread from Africa to all continents following the out-of-Africa human migrations. During the transatlantic slave trade between the 16th and 19th centuries, it was introduced twice independently to the Americas where it adapted to new environmental conditions (new human populations and mosquito species). Here, we analyzed the genome-wide polymorphisms of 2,635 isolates across the current P. falciparum distribution range in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas to investigate its genetic structure, invasion history, and selective pressures associated with its adaptation to the American environment. We confirmed that American populations originated from Africa with at least two independent introductions that led to two genetically distinct clusters, one in the North (Haiti and Colombia) and one in the South (French Guiana and Brazil), and an admixed Peruvian group. Genome scans revealed recent and more ancient signals of positive selection in the American populations. Particularly, we detected positive selection signals in genes involved in interactions with hosts (human and mosquito) cells and in genes involved in resistance to malaria drugs in both clusters. Analyses suggested that for five genes, adaptive introgression between clusters or selection on standing variation was at the origin of this repeated evolution. This study provides new genetic evidence on P. falciparum colonization history and on its local adaptation in the Americas.</p
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