14 research outputs found
Streamlines for Motion Planning in Underwater Currents
- Publication venue
- 'Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)'
- Publication date
- 27/01/2019
- Field of study
Motion planning for underwater vehicles must consider the effect of ocean
currents. We present an efficient method to compute reachability and cost
between sample points in sampling-based motion planning that supports
long-range planning over hundreds of kilometres in complicated flows. The idea
is to search a reduced space of control inputs that consists of stream
functions whose level sets, or streamlines, optimally connect two given points.
Such stream functions are generated by superimposing a control input onto the
underlying current flow. A streamline represents the resulting path that a
vehicle would follow as it is carried along by the current given that control
input. We provide rigorous analysis that shows how our method avoids exhaustive
search of the control space, and demonstrate simulated examples in complicated
flows including a traversal along the east coast of Australia, using actual
current predictions, between Sydney and Brisbane.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, accepted to IEEE ICRA 2019. Copyright 2019 IEE
Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial
- Author
- Abdel-Rahman Emaad
- Abhayaratna Walter
- Abramof Ness Rosane
- Acosta Idalia
- Adams Atoya
- Adawi Faiad
- Adler Sharon
- Ahmed Fayzal
- Aizenberg Diego
- Ajani Dilawar
- Al-Karadsheh Amer
- Albota Adrian
- Alferi Dino
- Alicic Radica
- Alla Sreedhara
- Allison D
- Almeida Edgar
- Alpizar Salazar Melchor
- Amer Joseph
- Amod Aslam
- Andrawis Nabil
- Antonio Bossi Carlo
- Antsiferov Mikhail
- Antunes Daniela
- Araki Hideo
- Arango Clara
- Arcos Edgar
- Arif Ahmed
- Arif Imrozia
- Arkhipov Mikhail
- Armaly Zaher
- Aroca Gustavo
- Asprusten Emil
- Atar Shaul
- Avila Pardo Sandro
- Awad Ahmed
- Axthelm Christoph
- Azizad Masoud
- Azizah Aziz Nor
- B Brouwer C
- Babikova Jana
- Babkin Andrey
- Badak Ozer
- Bahrami Michael
- Bajcsi Dora
- Baker John
- Bala Cornelia
- Ballesteros Rosa
- Bansal Shweta
- Barag Steven
- Barakzoy Ahmad
- Baranov Vitaliy
- Barbarash Olga
- Barbonta Hortensia
- Barney Mark
- Barre Paul
- Barrera Sandra
- Barreto Carlos
- Barreto Germ\ue1n
- Bartolacci In\ue9s
- Bashir Khalid
- Bashkin Amir
- Bastidas Adrian Miriam
- Bautista Albert
- Bautista Jose
- Bech Jesper
- Beddhu Srinivasan
- Beltr\ue1n L\uf3pez Nelly
- Ben Chetrit Sydney
- Benitez Diego
- Benjamin Sabrina
- Berar Yanay Noa
- Berenji Ramin
- Bertram Pitt
- Bertsch John
- Besada Diego
- Bhana Sindeep
- Bhargava Anuj
- Bilz Stefan
- Birkenfeld Andreas
- Birriel Jose
- Bittar Julio
- Blanco Guillermo
- Bleich David
- Boletis Ioannis
- Bondarets Iryna
- Bonora Enzo
- Bornfreund Jonathan
- Boshnyashka Radostina
- Botelho Roberto
- Botero Rodrigo
- Botsyurko Volodymyr
- Bouarich Hanane
- Brada Michal
- Brandao Ilidio
- Brar Harjeet
- Braun Hermann
- Brezina Jiri
- Brian Susan
- Brietzke Stephen
- Brito Claudia
- Bruchfeld Annette
- Bruno Giorda Carlo
- Brusco Osvaldo
- Bu Ruifang
- Bucek Petr
- Buganova Ingrid
- Burgner Anna
- Busch Klaus
- Busch Robert
- Butrymowicz Patrycja
- C Bakker R
- C\ue1rdenas Tatiana
- Caceaune Elena
- Cai Hanqing
- Calabr\uf2 Paolo
- Calero Francesca
- Canadas Rafael
- Canani Luis
- Caramori Maria
- Cardona Jose
- Cariou Bertrand
- Carlo Maggi Davide
- Carlos Palma Juan
- Carlos Prieto Juan
- Carlson Brian
- Carpio Jose
- Carvalho Rui
- Case Christopher
- Castro Cristina
- Catindig Elizabeth
- Catrinoiu Doina
- Cayli Murat
- Cereto Castro Fernando
- Cerqueira Maria
- Chahin Mariano
- Chang Chiz-Tzung
- Chantrel Fran\ue7ois
- Chen Dejun
- Chen Nan
- Chen Qinkai
- Cheng Jinluo
- Chernikova Viktoriia
- Chernin Gil
- Chernyavskaya Elena
- Chew Wong Alfredo
- Christina Nowack
- Chuang Lee-Ming
- Chung ChoonHee
- Ciechanowski Kazimierz
- Cieslik Grazyna
- Cigarr\ue1n Guldris Secundino
- Cimino Roberto
- Clavel Sylvaine
- Clodi Martin
- Cobos Jorge
- Colman Peter
- Colquhoun David
- Constantin Ciprian
- Contzen Christel
- Conway James
- Coronel Julian
- Cortes-Maisonet Gregorio
- Cortes-Maisonet Gregorio
- Cournoyer Serge
- Crawford Veronica
- Cristina Gregorini Maria
- Cruz Humberto
- Cruzado Garrit Josep
- Cure Carlos
- Curiac Dan
- Cutfield Rick
- Dandillaya Ramprasad
- Dang Cuong
- Danos Peter
- Darawsha Mahmud
- de \uc1lvaro Fernando
- de Paula Rogerio
- Deerochanawong Chaicharn
- Degenhardt Stefan
- Demko Arkadiy
- Derwahl Karl
- Dhanireddy Soni
- Din Zia
- Distiller Larry
- Dixon Bradley
- Dolores Mart\uednez Esteban M\uaa
- Donath Marc
- Donets Oleksandra
- Dong Junwu
- Dong Youping
- Doshi Ankur
- Doubel Peter
- Dreval Alexander
- Drexel Heinz
- Du Yuming
- Dumas Richard
- Dumitrescu Adriana
- Dunn Peter
- Dur\ue1n Carlos
- Duyck Francis
- Dzupina Andrej
- E Costa Fernando Teixeira
- Ebenbichler Christoph
- Ebisui Osamu
- Edelsberger Tomas
- Edin Anton
- Eduardo Figueiredo Carlos
- Eduardo Salles Joao
- Efrati Shai
- Ekinci Elif
- El Shahawy Mahfouz
- El-Shahawy Mohammed
- Elbert Alicia
- Elias Mazen
- Eliaschewitz Freddy
- Eliasson Ken
- Emdin Michele
- Engelen Wendy
- Eren Necmi
- Eriksen Erik
- Ermakova Polina
- Escalada San Mart\uedn Javier
- Escobedo de la Pe\uf1a Jorge
- Esteves Cesar
- Eugenia Canziani Maria
- Eustace Joe
- Evans John
- Faber Jens
- Fadda George
- Fang Sum Chee
- Fang Yi
- Fangh\ue4nel Salm\uf3n Guillermo
- Farah Ghassan
- Farber Evgeny
- Farooq Umar
- Fauvel Jean-Pierre
- Fernando Roland
- Fiaccadori Enrico
- Fikry Sameh
- Fink Raymond
- Finnes Trine
- Fiorina Paolo
- First Brian
- Fitz-Patrick David
- Flack John
- Fliesser-G\uf6rzer Evelyn
- Fluck Patrick
- Fogelfeld Leon
- Fonseca Vivian
- Forti Adriana
- Franek Edward
- Frank Malin
- Frias Juan
- Fujita Naruhiro
- Furuya Ryuichi
- Fushtey Ivan
- G Lieverse A
- Galcer\ue1n Josep
- Gallouj Karim
- Galphin Claude
- Galyavich Albert
- Gansevoort Ron
- Garc\ueda Hern\ue1ndez Pedro
- Garc\ueda Luis
- Garcia-Mayol Luis
- Gaysina Leyla
- Gelersztein Elizabeth
- George L Bakris
- Georgiev Dimitar
- Gerasimos Filippatos
- Giebel Thomas
- Gillard Pieter
- Giorgio Battaglia Giovanni
- Gislason Gunnar
- Glandt Mariela
- Goldstein Gary
- Goluch Richard
- Gonz\ue1lez Albarr\ue1n Olga
- Gonz\ue1lez G\ue1lvez Guillermo
- Gonz\ue1lez Gonz\ue1lez Jos\ue9
- Gonz\ue1lez Fernando
- Gonzalez Edgar
- Gonzalez-Abreu Francisco
- Gordeev Ivan
- Gore Ashwini
- Gouet Didier
- Grachova Mariia
- Grant David
- Grossman Ehud
- Guan Tianjun
- Guerci Bruno
- Guerrot Dominique
- Guia Jose
- Gul Ibrahim
- Gulakova Drahomira
- Gumprecht Janusz
- Guo Weiying
- Guron Gregor
- Gushterova Valentina
- Guti\ue9rrez Ochoa Ramiro
- Guzm\ue1n Gustavo
- H Boonstra A
- H\uf8ivik Hans
- Habwe Violet
- Hagemeier Robert
- Hagenow Andreas
- Halabi Majdi
- Haller Hermann
- Halpern Stephen
- Hamamoto Yoshiyuki
- Hamasaki Akihiro
- Hamet Pavel
- Hamilton Maxine
- Hammoud Jamal
- Handelsman Stuart
- Hangaard J\uf8rgen
- Hanna Fahmy
- Hanusch Ursula
- Hao Chuanming
- Harcsa Eleonora
- Hart Randolph
- Hartman Israel
- Hasalova Zapletalova Jitka
- Hasnul Halimi Bin Wan Hasan Wan
- Hasslacher Christoph
- Hatazaki Masahiro
- Hatunic Mensud
- Hatziagelaki Erifili
- Hayashi Terumasa
- Heigerick Glenn
- Heitor Susana
- Hellberg Olof
- Hellgren Margareta
- Henein Sam
- Hern\ue1ndez Jaras Julio
- Hern\ue1ndez Eric
- Hernandez German
- Hernandez-Cassis Carlos
- Herrera Carlos
- Higashi Takayuki
- Hirohata Yoshihide
- Hissa Miguel
- Hoffmann Michal
- Hola Olga
- Holian John
- Honkasalo Mikko
- Honkasalo Mikko
- Horacek Thomas
- Horinouchi Shuji
- Hornova Lucie
- Houdova Jana
- Hougardy Jean-Michel
- Hrmova Helena
- Humaloja Kari
- Hung Cheng-Chieh
- Hwang YouCheol
- Ibarra Jaime
- Ibern\uf3n Meritxell
- Imoto Hirofumi
- Inagaki Akemi
- Inagaki Masayuki
- Ioannidis Ioannis
- Ipatko Irina
- Iranmanesh Ali
- Irizar Santana Sa\ufal
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- Ishii Masao
- Ishiko Tamayo
- Jackson Timothy
- Jain Mahendra
- Jamerson Kenneth
- Jansen van Rensburg Dirkie
- Jaramillo Carlos
- Jaramillo Nicol\ue1s
- Jaroslaw Pacyk Grzegorz
- Jiang Fangfang
- Jiang Ju-Ying
- Jiang Sheng
- Jinnouchi Hideaki
- Johnson Karen
- Joshi Mukesh
- Joshi Shaifali
- Juhl Claus
- Juli\ue1n Segura de la Morena Jos\ue9
- Jungmair Wolfgang
- Kahal Hassan
- Kalashnikova Marina
- Kalathil Dhanya
- Kalina Akos
- Kanai Hidetoshi
- Kananen Kristiina
- Kanda Daisuke
- Kanehara Hideo
- Kang JunGoo
- Kantola Ilkka
- Karasek David
- Karlsson Thomas
- Kashima Masayuki
- Kato Kiyoe
- Katsuki Takeshi
- Kattah William
- Kawamitsu Katsunori
- Kawasaki Satsuki
- Kayali Zeid
- Kaye William
- Kazup Szilvia
- Kelly Allan
- Keltai Katalin
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- Khan Bobby
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- Khanh Tran
- Kharait Sourabh
- Kikuchi Fumi
- Kikuchi Hidetoshi
- Kilvert Anne
- Kim HyeSoon
- Kim InJoo
- Kim JaeHyeon
- Kim SinGon
- Kirschner Robert
- Kiss Julianna
- Klein Alexandre
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- Koch Thorsten
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- Kotzker Wayne
- Kounadi Theodora
- Kovacs Laszlo
- Kovar Richard
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- Koziolova Natalya
- Kr\ufcger Thilo
- Krarup Thure
- Kravchun Nonna
- Krcova Eva
- Krebs Jeremy
- Kreit Camil
- Krekels Marielle
- Kriauciuniene Dovile
- Krishna Arvind
- Kronfli Saeed
- Krzykowska Jolanta
- Kuang Jian
- Kubota Miyuki
- Kuchar Jiri
- Kumbasar Abdulbaki
- Kurnatowska Ilona
- Kusano Yoshiro
- Kutejova Vlasta
- Kvitkova Lyudmila
- Kyriakidou Christina
- L Penne E
- L\uf3pez M\uf3nica
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- Lahtela Jorma
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- Lamboy Beata
- Landa Katarzyna
- Larnefeldt Hans
- Lasiene Jurate
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- Lee ByungWan
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- Leite Jr Maurilo
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- Levashov Sergey
- Li Dongmei
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- Li Ling
- Li Yan
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- Li Zhonghe
- Li\ue9vano Manuel
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- Lindholm Carl-Johan
- Linfert Douglas
- Literati-Nagy Botond
- Liu Fang
- Liu Jian
- Liu Yinghong
- Liu Yuantao
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- Liutkus Joanne
- Long Gang
- Loong Loh Chek
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- Lu Guoyuan
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- Lucheva Mariya
- Ludvik Bernhard
- Luigi Cavalot Franco
- Luis M Ruilope
- Lurie Alexander
- M Barendregt J N
- M van Leendert Ruud J
- M\ue9ndez Machado Gustavo
- M\ufcller Joachim
- Ma Jianhua
- MacIsaac Richard
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- Verlan Nadezhda
- Vi\uf1es Gloria
- Vijayaraman Arutchelvam
- Vila Lobos Ana
- Villagordoa Mesa Juan
- Villegas Iv\ue1n
- Vitou Louise
- Vlad Adrian
- Vlasenko Maryna
- Vorokhobina Natalya
- Wainstein Julio
- Wainstein Julio
- Walsh Michael
- Wan Ronald Ma Ching
- Wang Hao
- Wang Jianqin
- Wang Li
- Wang Lihua
- Wang Xinjun
- Wanner Christoph
- Wasilewska Katarzyna
- Wassermann Alfredo
- Wei Jiali
- Weisnagel Stanley
- Weissman Peter
- Whaley-Connell Adam
- Wierusz-Wysocka Bogna
- Wilderman Igor
- Winston Jonathan
- Wise Jonathan
- Wittert Gary
- Wnetrzak-Michalska Renata
- Wong Yuk-Ki
- Wu Chaoqing
- Wu Mai-Szu
- Wu Ming-Ju
- Wu Tianfeng
- Wudi Krisztina
- Wuerzner Gregoire
- Wynne Katie-Jane
- Xing Changying
- Xiong Fei
- Xu Ning
- Xu Xudong
- Yagil Yoram
- Yajima Ken
- Yakhontov Davyd
- Yale Jean-Francois
- Yamada Daishiro
- Yamada Masayo
- Yamagata Kazuo
- Yamakawa Fumiko
- Yamakawa Ken
- Yamasaki Yoshimitsu
- Yambe Yuko
- Yanai Hidekatsu
- Yang Jinkui
- Yasuda Tetsuyuki
- Yenicerioglu Yavuz
- Yeung Vincent
- Yilmaz Huseyin
- Yin Aiping
- Yoncheva-Mihaylova Mariana
- Young Park Cheol
- Yuan Lee Li
- Yupanqui Hern\ue1n
- Yuryev Michael
- Zakharova Elena
- Zalevskaya Alsu
- Zanozina Olga
- Zaoui Philippe
- Zeig Steven
- Zeng Longyi
- Zhang Hao
- Zhang Yanlin
- Zhang Ying
- Zhao Zhiquan
- Zhdanova Elena
- Zheng Hongguang
- Zhong Ling
- Zhong Liyong
- Zhu Dalong
- Zhukova Larisa
- Zilahi Zsolt
- Zsom Marianna
- Zukermann Robert
- Zykova Tatyana
- Publication venue
- 'S. Karger AG'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2019
- Field of study
Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials.
Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure.
Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen.
Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049
Tuning of extended state observer with neural network-based control performance assessment
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 30/03/2021
- Field of study
The extended state observer (ESO) is an inherent element of robust
observer-based control systems that allows estimating the impact of disturbance
on system dynamics. Proper tuning of ESO parameters is necessary to ensure a
good quality of estimated quantities and impacts the overall performance of the
robust control structure. In this paper, we propose a neural network (NN) based
tuning procedure that allows the user to prioritize between selected quality
criteria such as the control and observation errors and the specified features
of the control signal. The designed NN provides an accurate assessment of the
control system performance and returns a set of ESO parameters that delivers a
near-optimal solution to the user-defined cost function. The proposed tuning
procedure, using an estimated state from the single closed-loop experiment
produces near-optimal ESO gains within seconds
Log-GPIS-MOP: A Unified Representation for Mapping, Odometry and Planning
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 11/07/2023
- Field of study
Whereas dedicated scene representations are required for each different task
in conventional robotic systems, this paper demonstrates that a unified
representation can be used directly for multiple key tasks. We propose the
Log-Gaussian Process Implicit Surface for Mapping, Odometry and Planning
(Log-GPIS-MOP): a probabilistic framework for surface reconstruction,
localisation and navigation based on a unified representation. Our framework
applies a logarithmic transformation to a Gaussian Process Implicit Surface
(GPIS) formulation to recover a global representation that accurately captures
the Euclidean distance field with gradients and, at the same time, the implicit
surface. By directly estimating the distance field and its gradient through
Log-GPIS inference, the proposed incremental odometry technique computes the
optimal alignment of an incoming frame and fuses it globally to produce a map.
Concurrently, an optimisation-based planner computes a safe collision-free path
using the same Log-GPIS surface representation. We validate the proposed
framework on simulated and real datasets in 2D and 3D and benchmark against the
state-of-the-art approaches. Our experiments show that Log-GPIS-MOP produces
competitive results in sequential odometry, surface mapping and obstacle
avoidance
1999 Annual Selected Bibliography Mapping Asian America: Cyber-Searching the Bibliographic Universe
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- Sastry Jake
- Schneider William
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- Scotton Bruce W
- Seabrook Jeremy
- Sengupta Somini
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- Tae-Hyung
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- Trentham Susan
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- U.S. Commission
- Uchida Aki
- United States SmallBusinessAdministration Office of Advocacy.
- United States Women
- United StatesCommissionon Civil Rights WisconsinAdvisory Committee. TheH m g in GreenBay
- United StatesCongressHouse Committee on Veterans'Affairs. Ben+ts for Filipino VeteransHearing Beforethe Committeeon Veterans' Affairs House of Representatives,OneHundred F@h
- Van Hook Jennifer
- Varadarajan Tunku
- Vasquez Melba J. T.
- Verkuyten Maykel
- Waldinger Roger
- Wallace Lee
- Walz Eric
- Wat
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- Westminster California
- Whelchel Toshio
- Williams J.
- Wing Bob
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- Publication venue
- 'UCLA American Indian Studies Center'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T
- Acevedo Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre Ghiso Julio A
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait Si Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al Younes Hesham M
- Al Zeer Munir A
- Albert Matthew L
- Albin Roger L
- Alegre Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K
- Anoopkumar Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y. O
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- B\ue1nhegyi G\ue1bor
- B\ue9chet Daniel M
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K
- Baehrecke Eric H
- Bahr Ben A
- Bai Xue Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
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- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro S\ue9bastien
- Bhatia Kissova Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
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- Blum Janice S
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- Bornhauser Beat C
- Bortoluci Karina R
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
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- Boya Patricia
- Boyer Guittaut Micha\uebl
- Bozhkov Peter V
- Brady Nathan R
- BRANCOLINI Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L
- Brookes Paul S
- Brown Eric J
- Brumell John H
- Brunetti Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T
- Bulman Dennis E
- Bultman Scott J
- Bultynck Geert
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- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P
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- Bydlowski Sergio P
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahov\ue1 Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B
- Carding Simon R
- Cardoso Sandra M
- Carew Jennifer S
- Carlin Cathleen R
- Carmignac Virginie
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- Caruso Rosario A
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
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- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han Jung
- Chai Chee Yin
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- Chang Raymond Chuen Chung
- Che Chi Ming
- Chen Ching Chow
- Chen Guang Chao
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- Chen Min
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- Chen Wenli
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H. K
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae Ho
- Cherry Sara
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- Cheung Zelda H
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
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- Chiou Shih Hwa
- Chisari Francis V
- Cho Chi Hin
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- Choi Dooseok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
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- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
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- Cookson Mark R
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
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- Couve Eduardo
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- Cuervo Ana Maria
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- D\uedaz Laviada In\ue9s
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- Davids Lester M
- Davies Faith E
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- De Tata Vincenzo
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- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M. D
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel J\uf6rn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D
- Devenish Rodney J
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz Meco Maria T
- Diaz Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
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- Ding Wen Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
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- Dosenko Victor
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- Dreux Marl\ue8ne
- Drew Mark E
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- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Edelstein Charles L
- Edinger Aimee L
- Egea Gustavo
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- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- F\ue9s\ufcs L\ue1szl\uf3
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farr\ue9 Jean Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo Pereira Maria E
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A
- Fisher Paul B
- Flajolet Marc
- Florez McClure Maria L
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
- Fowler Daniel H
- Fox Howard S
- Franco Rodrigo
- Frankel Lisa B
- Fransen Marc
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- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H
- Gaestel Matthias
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- Galliot Brigitte
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- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
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- Garcia Manero Guillermo
- Garcia Marcos Mikel
- Garcia Lorena
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- Gegg Matthew E
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- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora C\ue9line
- Gonz\ue1lez Est\ue9vez Cristina
- Gonz\ue1lez Polo Rosa Ana
- Gonzalez Rey Elena
- Gonzalez Claudio D
- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gorbunov Nikolai V
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- Gottlieb Roberta A
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- Hua Ya
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- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
- Isidoro Ciro
- Isobe Ken ichi
- Iwasaki Akiko
- Izquierdo Marta
- Izumi Yotaro
- J\ue4\ue4ttel\ue4 Marja
- Jaakkola Panu M
- Jackson George R
- Jackson William T
- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju Hong
- Jeung Eui Bae
- Jiang Hong
- Jiang Hongchi
- Jiang Jean X
- Jiang Ming
- Jiang Qing
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jim\ue9nez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
- Jin Shengkan
- Joe Cheol O
- Johansen Terje
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- Johnson Gail V. W
- Jones Nicola L
- Joseph Bertrand
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- Juh\ue1sz G\ue1bor
- Juillerat Jeanneret Lucienne
- Jung Chang Hwa
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- Kabuta Tomohiro
- Kadowaki Motoni
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- Kumar Ashok
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- La Spada Albert R
- Lafont Frank
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- Leeuwenburgh Christiaan
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- Lei Huan Yao
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- Lev Dina
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- Levine Beth
- Levy Efrat
- Li Faqiang
- Li Jun Lin
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- Liang Qiangrong
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- Tabas Ira
- Taegtmeyer Heinrich
- Tafani Marco
- Tak\ue1cs Vellai Krisztina
- Takano Yoshitaka
- Takegawa Kaoru
- Takemura Genzou
- Takeshita Fumihiko
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- Yan Xianghua
- Yanagida Mitsuhiro
- Yang Dun Sheng
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- Yang Jin Ming
- Yang Shi Yu
- Yang Wannian
- Yang Wei Yuan
- Yang Zhifen
- Yao Meng Chao
- Yao Tso Pang
- Yeganeh Behzad
- Yen Wei Lien
- Yin Jia jing
- Yin Xiao Ming
- Yoo Ook Joon
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- Yoon Seung Yong
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- Yoshikawa Yuko
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- You Ho Jin
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- Younes Anas
- Yu Li
- Yu Long
- Yu Seong Woon
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- Yue Zhenyu
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- Yuzaki Michisuke
- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
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- Zakeri Zahra
- Zeh Herbert J
- Zeitlin Scott O
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hui Ling
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing Pu
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming Yong
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- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi Fang
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei Guo
- Zhu Xiao Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke J\ufcrgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A.
- Bampton Edward T.W.
- Bartholomew Clinton R.
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bast Robert C.
- Batoko Henri
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- Sun Jiaren
- Sun Shi-Yong
- Sun Zhi-Jun
- Sung Joseph J.Y.
- Suzuki Kuninori
- Suzuki Toshihiko
- Swanson Michele S.
- Swanton Charles
- Sweeney Sean T.
- Sy Lai-King
- Szabadkai György
- Sánchez-Alcázar José A.
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- Tabas Ira
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- Takács-Vellai Krisztina
- Talbot Nicholas J.
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- Tanida Isei
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- Tavernarakis Nektarios
- Taylor Graham S.
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- Terada Lance S.
- Terman Alexei
- Tettamanti Gianluca
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- Thompson Craig B.
- Thorburn Andrew
- Thumm Michael
- Tian FengFeng
- Tian Yuan
- Tocchini-Valentini Glauco
- Tolkovsky Aviva M.
- Tomino Yasuhiko
- Tooze Sharon A.
- Tournier Cathy
- Tower John
- Towns Roberto
- Trajkovic Vladimir
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- Tsai Ting-Fen
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- Tsung Allan
- Turk Boris
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- Tönges Lars
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- Valente Enza Maria
- Van den Berghe Greet
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- van Dyk Linda F.
- van Egmond Marjolein
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- Vila Miquel
- Vindis Cécile
- Viola Giampietro
- Viscomi Maria Teresa
- Voitsekhovskaja Olga V.
- von Haefen Clarissa
- Votruba Marcela
- Wada Keiji
- Wade-Martins Richard
- Walker Cheryl L.
- Walsh Craig M.
- Walter Jochen
- Wan Xiang-Bo
- Wang Aimin
- Wang Chenguang
- Wang Dawei
- Wang Fan
- Wang Guanghui
- Wang Haichao
- Wang Hong-Gang
- Wang Horng-Dar
- Wang Jin
- Wang Ke
- Wang Mei
- Wang Richard C.
- Wang Xinglong
- Wang Xiujie J.
- Wang Ying-Jan
- Wang Yipeng
- Wang Zhen-Bo
- Wang Zhigang Charles
- Wang Zhinong
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- Ward Diane M.
- Watada Hirotaka
- Waters Sarah L.
- Webster Paul
- Wei Lixin
- Weihl Conrad C.
- Weiss William A
- Welford Scott M.
- Wen Long-Ping
- Whitehouse Caroline A.
- Whitton J. Lindsay
- Whitworth Alexander J.
- Wileman Tom
- Wiley John W.
- Wilkinson Simon
- Willbold Dieter
- Williams Roger L.
- Williamson Peter R.
- Wouters Bradly G.
- Wu Chenghan
- Wu Dao-Cheng
- Wu William K.K.
- Wyttenbach Andreas
- Xavier Ramnik J.
- Xi Zhijun
- Xia Pu
- Xiao Gengfu
- Xie Zhiping
- Xie Zhonglin
- Xu Da-zhi
- Xu Jianzhen
- Xu Liang
- Xu Xiaolei
- Yamamoto Ai
- Yamamoto Akitsugu
- Yamashina Shunhei
- Yamashita Michiaki
- Yan Xianghua
- Yanagida Mitsuhiro
- Yang Dun-Sheng
- Yang Elizabeth
- Yang Jin-Ming
- Yang Shi Yu
- Yang Wannian
- Yang Wei Yuan
- Yang Zhifen
- Yao Meng-Chao
- Yao Tso-Pang
- Yeganeh Behzad
- Yen Wei-Lien
- Yin Jia-jing
- Yin Xiao-Ming
- Yoo Ook-Joon
- Yoon Gyesoon
- Yoon Seung-Yong
- Yorimitsu Tomohiro
- Yoshikawa Yuko
- Yoshimori Tamotsu
- Yoshimoto Kohki
- You Ho Jin
- Youle Richard J
- Younes Anas
- Yu Li
- Yu Long
- Yu Seong-Woon
- Yu Wai Haung
- Yuan Zhi-Min
- Yue Zhenyu
- Yun Cheol-Heui
- Yuzaki Michisuke
- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
- Zaffaroni Nadia
- Zakeri Zahra
- Zeh III Herbert J.
- Zeitlin Scott O.
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hui-Ling
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing-Pu
- Zhang Jue
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming-Yong
- Zhang Xu Dong
- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi-Fang
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J.
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong-Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei-Guo
- Zhu Xiao-Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei-Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke Jürgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A.
- Bampton Edward T.W.
- Bartholomew Clinton R.
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bast Robert C.
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J.
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J.
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro Sébastien
- Bhatia-Kiššová Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S.
- Boise Lawrence H.
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C.
- Bortoluci Karina R.
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Frédéric
- Bourquin Jean-Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer-Guittaut Michaël
- Bozhkov Peter V.
- Brady Nathan R
- Brancolini Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E.
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H.
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L.
- Brookes Paul S.
- Brown Eric J.
- Brumell John H.
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T.
- Bulman Dennis E.
- Bultman Scott J.
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F.
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P.
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P.
- Béchet Daniel M.
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahová Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo-Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos-Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B.
- Carding Simon R.
- Cardoso Sandra M.
- Carew Jennifer S.
- Carlin Cathleen R.
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A.M.
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A.
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han-Jung
- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chan David C.
- Chan Edmond Y.
- Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung
- Che Chi-Ming
- Chen Ching-Chow
- Chen Guang-Chao
- Chen Guo-Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S.-L.
- Chen WenLi
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu-Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H.K.
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae-Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess-Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H.
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui-Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih-Shen
- Chiou Shih-Hwa
- Chisari Francis V.
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong-Hyung
- Choi Augustine MK
- Choi DooSeok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E.
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung-Hsien
- Chueh Sheau-Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong-Joon
- Chye Mee-Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R.
- Clague Michael J.
- Clark Robert S.B.
- Clarke Peter G.H.
- Clarke Robert B
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A.
- Colombo María I.
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R.
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto-Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P.
- Cregg James M.
- Crespo José L.
- Cronjé Marianne J.
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J.
- Czaja Mark J.
- D'Amelio Marcello
- Darfeuille-Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M.
- Davies Faith E.
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F.
- de Haan Cornelis A.M.
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M.D.
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel Jörn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D.
- Devenish Rodney J.
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz-Meco Maria T.
- Diaz-Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh-Kumar Savithramma P.
- Ding Wen-Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W.
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri-Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C.
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J.
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marlène
- Drew Mark E.
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen E.
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Díaz-Araya Guillermo
- Díaz-Laviada Inés
- Edelstein Charles L.
- Edinger Aimee L.
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N. Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El-Deiry Wafik S.
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M.
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna-Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva-Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi-Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farre Jean-Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G.
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo-Pereira Maria E.
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C.
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D.
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A.
- Fisher Paul B.
- Flajolet Marc
- Flores Juan B. Kouri
- Florez-McClure Maria L.
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
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- Franco Rodrigo
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- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes José M.
- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H.
- Fésüs László
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G.
- Gao Fen-Biao
- Gao George F.
- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Lorena
- Garcia-Manero Guillermo
- Garcia-Marcos Mikel
- Garmyn Marjan
- Gartel Andrei L.
- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R.
- Gegg Matthew E.
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E.
- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
- Giammarioli Anna M.
- Giatromanolaki Alexandra N.
- Gibson Spencer B.
- Gilkerson Robert W.
- Ginger Michael L.
- Ginsberg Henry N.
- Golab Jakub
- Goligorsky Michael S.
- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez-Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora Céline
- Gonzalez Claudio D.
- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gonzalez-Rey Elena
- González-Estévez Cristina
- González-Polo Rosa Ana
- Gorbunov Nikolai V.
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
- Grant Gary D.
- Green Kim N.
- Gregorc Ales
- Gros Frédéric
- Grose Charles
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- Gual Philippe
- Guan Jun-Lin
- Guan Kun-Liang
- Guichard Sylvie M.
- Gukovskaya Anna S.
- Gukovsky Ilya
- Gunst Jan
- Gustafsson Åsa B.
- Halayko Andrew J.
- Hale Amber N.
- Halonen Sandra K.
- Hamasaki Maho
- Han Feng
- Han Ting
- Hancock Michael K.
- Hansen Malene
- Harada Hisashi
- Harada Masaru
- Hardt Stefan E.
- Harper J. Wade
- Harris Adrian L.
- Harris James
- Harris Steven D.
- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A.
- Hayashi Shin-ichiro
- Hazelhurst Lori A.
- He Congcong
- He You-Wen
- Heidenreich Kim A.
- Helfrich Miep H.
- Helgason Gudmundur V.
- Henske Elizabeth P.
- Herman Brian
- Herman Paul K.
- Hetz Claudio
- Hilfiker Sabine
- Hill Joseph A
- Hocking Lynne J.
- Hofman Paul
- Hofmann Thomas G.
- Holyoake Tessa L.
- Hong Ming-Huang
- Hood David A.
- Hotamisligil Gökhan S.
- Houwerzijl Ewout J.
- Hu Bingren
- Hu Chien-an A.
- Hu Hong-Ming
- Hua Ya
- Huang Canhua
- Huang Ju
- Huang Shengbing
- Huang Wei-Pang
- Huber Tobias B.
- Huh Won-Ki
- Hung Tai-Ho
- Hupp Ted R.
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B.
- Hussain Sabah N.A.
- Hussey Patrick J.
- Hwang Jung Jin
- Hwang Seungmin
- Hébert Marie-Josée
- Höhfeld Jörg
- Høyer-Hansen Maria
- Ichihara Atsuhiro
- Ilkhanizadeh Shirin
- Inoki Ken
- Into Takeshi
- Iovane Valentina
- Iovanna Juan L.
- Ip Nancy Y.
- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
- Isidoro Ciro
- Isobe Ken-ichi
- Iwasaki Akiko
- Izquierdo Marta
- Izumi Yotaro
- Jaakkola Panu M.
- Jackson George R.
- Jackson William T.
- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju-Hong
- Jeung Eui-Bae
- Jiang Hong
- Jiang Hongchi
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- Jiang Ming
- Jiang Qing
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jiménez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
- Jin Shengkan V.
- Joe Cheol O.
- Johansen Terje
- Johnson Daniel E.
- Johnson Gail V.W.
- Jones Nicola L.
- Joseph Bertrand
- Joseph Suresh K.
- Joubert Annie M.
- Juhász Gábor
- Juillerat-Jeanneret Lucienne
- Jung Chang Hwa
- Jung Yong-Keun
- Jäättelä Marja
- Kaarniranta Kai
- Kaasik Allen
- Kabuta Tomohiro
- Kadowaki Motoni
- Kamada Yoshiaki
- Kaminskyy Vitaliy O.
- Kampinga Harm H.
- Kanamori Hiromitsu
- Kang Chanhee
- Kang Khong Bee
- Kang Kwang Il
- Kang Rui
- Kang Yoon-A
- Kanki Tomotake
- Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi
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- Mandelkow Eva-Maria
- Manon Stephen
- Manov Irena
- Mao Kai
- Mao Xiang
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- Marambaud Philippe
- Marazziti Daniela
- Marcel Yves L.
- Marchbank Katie
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- Miracco Clelia
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- Mitroulis Ioannis
- Miyazawa Keisuke
- Mizushima Noboru
- Mograbi Baharia
- Mohseni Simin
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- Mollinedo Faustino
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- Monastyrska Iryna
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- Muller Sylviane
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- Zhu Wei-Guo
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- Zschocke Jürgen
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- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field