A halál mint álom. Az újszövetségi álom-eszkatológia a görög sírfeliratok tükrében/THE SLEEP OF DEATH. THE SO-CALLED SLEEP-ESCHATOLOGY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF ANCIENT GREEK FUNERAL EPITAPHS

Ha halálon inneni perspektívából gyakran érdemes figyelmeztetnünk magunkat, hogy többek vagyunk, mint pusztán test, ennek minden vonatkozó imperativuszával, halálon túli perspektívából viszont arra kell emlékeztetnünk magunkat, hogy többek vagyunk, mint pusztán lélek. A test nem silányabb a léleknél, egyáltalán nem, hiszen Isten megbecsüli. Nem elégszik meg azzal, hogy teremtményei nem hullanak ki – még ideiglenesen sem – a létből, a(z) (újjá)teremtő Isten számára fontos az is, hogy az ember ember-mivolta, vagyis az, ami sajátságosan emberré teszi, ne sérüljön az eszkatonban, hanem teljes és egész embernek érzékelhesse önmagát. enriched it. As the anologies and polemics between the Greek sepulchral inscriptions and the New Testament’s ideas indicate, the New Testament writers have made remarks upon these concepts found in sepulchral inscriptions. This sleep metaphor, since it can express negative (defencelessness, self-isolation) and positive (intensive happiness, refreshment, relaxation, liberation from the burden of the body) concepts, was suitable for demonstrating both the Christian hope of after-life and the insufficiency of a merely spiritual existence. Moreover, the reluctance from the latter (2Cor 5, 2-4). This metaphor was suitable for suggesting that death or asleep in Christ deprives and enriches us, at the same time. In any case the sleep is a metaphor related to life. Certainly it is an obscure and embarrasing metaphor, but its main point is indeed to bother and shock us, and thus make us realize that from God’s view-point even who die shall live. However the idea of wakening/resurrection indicates that this state of sleep – even if it does not separate us from Christ – must be changed. The sleep metaphor encourages the reader of the New Testament to remind him/herself that we are more than only bodies, but at the same time, from the perspective of afterlife, we are more than only souls. The body is not inferior to soul, not at all, since God rates highly our human body

Meiotic Maturation of the Mouse Oocyte Requires an Equilibrium between Cyclin B Synthesis and Degradation

AbstractAmong the proteins whose synthesis and/or degradation is necessary for a proper progression through meiotic maturation, cyclin B appears to be one of the most important. Here, we attempted to modulate the level of cyclin B1 and B2 synthesis during meiotic maturation of the mouse oocyte. We used cyclin B1 or B2 mRNAs with poly(A) tails of different sizes and cyclin B1 or B2 antisense RNAs. Oocytes microinjected with cyclin B1 mRNA showed two phenotypes: most were blocked in MI, while the others extruded the first polar body in advance when compared to controls. Moreover, these effects were correlated with the length of the poly(A) tail. Thus it seems that the rate of cyclin B1 translation controls the timing of the first meiotic M phase and the transition to anaphase I. Moreover, overexpression of cyclin B1 or B2 was able to bypass the dbcAMP-induced germinal vesicle block, but only the cyclin B1 mRNA-microinjected oocytes did not extrude their first polar body. Oocytes injected with the cyclin B1 antisense progressed through the first meiotic M phase but extruded the first polar body in advance and were unable to enter metaphase II. This suggested that inhibition of cyclin B1 synthesis only took place at the end of the first meiotic M phase, most likely because the cyclin B1 mRNA was protected. The injection of cyclin B2 antisense RNA had no effect. The life observation of the synthesis and degradation of a cyclin B1–GFP chimera during meiotic maturation of the mouse oocyte demonstrated that degradation can only occur during a given period of time once it has started. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the rates of cyclin B synthesis and degradation determine the timing of the major events taking place during meiotic maturation of the mouse oocyte

Akutpsychiatrie ohne Zwang : Prävention von Zwangsmassnahmen bei Kindern und Adoleszenten in der Akutpsychiatrie

Hintergrund : Die Anwendung von Zwangsmassnahmen kann zu psychischen Problemen führen. Kinder und Adoleszente entwickeln im Zusammenhang mit erlebten Zwangsmassnahmen unter anderem vermehrt Albträume, intrusive Gedanken sowie Schreck- und Vermeidungsreaktionen (Magnowski & Cleveland, 2020). Von besonderer Bedeutung sind daher zukünftige Bemühungen, die Anwendung von Zwangsmassnahmen in diesem vulnerablen Alter auf ein Minimum zu reduzieren. Fragestellung : Welche Pflegeinterventionen können zur Prävention von Zwangsmassnahmen bei Kindern und adoleszenten Patient:innen in der Psychiatrie eingesetzt werden? Methode : Um geeignete Studien zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage zu finden, haben die Autorinnen eine systematisierte Literaturrecherche durchgeführt. Die Literaturrecherche wurde in zwei Datenbanken durchgeführt. Insgesamt wurden sieben Studien in die Bachelorarbeit inkludiert. Ergebnisse : Die Arten der Interventionen, die sich aus den inkludierten Studien ergeben, lassen sich in zwei Hauptkategorien einteilen: in die der Organisationsentwicklung und die der pflegerischen Interventionen. In beiden Bereichen zeigen sich Erfolge in der Prävention von Zwangsmassnahmen. In einigen Studien konnte demnach die Anzahl der durchgeführten Zwangsmassnahmen signifikant reduziert werden. Schlussfolgerung : Es konnten verschiedene pflegerische Interventionen sowie Interventionen der Organisationsentwicklung identifiziert werden, die zur Reduktion von Zwangsmassnahmen beitragen können. In allen inkludierten Studien wird zudem weiterer Forschungsbedarf beschrieben, da die aktuellen Ergebnisse noch keine Evidenz erreichen

Évaluation expérimentale de la combinaison injection multiple et biodiesel sur les performances et les émissions polluantes d'un moteur diesel

La dégradation de la qualité de l’air et le problème de l’approvisionnement en pétrole sont deux problèmes majeurs de notre société. L’utilisation de carburants de substitution tels que le biodiesel permet de réduire notre dépendance vis-à-vis du pétrole et de limiter les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. De plus, il a été démontré que l’utilisation de biodiesel dans les moteurs diesel permet une réduction significative des émissions de particules, CO et HC. Cependant, une augmentation des émissions de NOx d’environ 10% a été constatée. D’autre part, l’utilisation des stratégies d’injection multiples, avec du diesel, a permis la réduction simultanée des émissions de particules et de NOx dont les mécanismes de formation sont pourtant antagonistes. Ainsi, la présente étude vise à étudier l’utilisation combinée des stratégies d’injection multiple et du biodiesel dans les moteurs diesel de faible cylindrée et à faible charge, afin d’évaluer s’il est possible de réduire les émissions de NOx du biodiesel sans pénalité sur les autres polluants. Une étude expérimentale a été conduite sur un moteur 4 cylindres Renault complètement instrumenté. Les différents carburants testés ont été évalués en injection simple afin de les caractériser. Puis les trois paramètres d’injection double ont été évalués. Enfin, les résultats obtenus pour les différents carburants pour deux stratégies d’injection double optimisées ont été comparés aux résultats d’injection simple et aux résultats obtenus avec le diesel pour les stratégies d’injection double optimisées. Il ressort de cette étude que l’utilisation d’une stratégie d’injection double optimisée permet la réduction de toutes les émissions sauf les HC pour tous les mélanges diesel-biodiesel par rapport à l’injection simple. Pour le diesel pur, une augmentation des émissions de NOx est constatée par rapport à l’injection simple. De plus, l’utilisation de l’injection multiple avec les mélanges diesel-biodiesel et le biodiesel pur permet de réduire les émissions de CO, HC et HCHO par rapport aux émissions constatées en injection double avec le diesel, mais entraîne une augmentation des émissions de NOx et de particules. Un prototype de carburant produit à partir d’une biomasse mais constitué d’alcanes a également été évalué en injection simple. Une réduction importante de toutes les émissions de polluants et de particules ainsi qu’une faible dégradation de la combustion pour les avances tardives ont été constatées

Etiologia, diagnóstico e tratamento das lesões cervicais não cariosas

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas MonizA incidência de cárie diminuiu acentuadamente desde há vários anos, graças ao desenvolvimento de campanhas de prevenção, e ao desenvolvimento da terapêutica com flúor. Infelizmente, outros tipos de lesões dentárias são cada vez mais observados na prática odontológico como por exemplo as lesões cervicais não cariosas. As lesões cervicais não cariosas correspondem a uma perda da estrutura dentária irreversível na junção amelocementária do dente sem ação bacteriana. Estas apresentam uma prevalência em aumento durante os últimos anos, e são igualmente observadas na prática quotidiana do Médico-Dentista. Este crescimento deve-se ao envelhecimento da população, mas também à modificação do modo de vida (técnica de escovagem inadequada, estresse, hábitos alimentares...). As lesões cervicais não cariosas apresentam várias consequências estéticas, funcionais e podem igualmente provocar sensibilidades dentárias. Uma melhor abordagem das lesões cervicais não cariosas, e uma compreensão adequada dos mecanismos de ação assim como as etiologias multifatoriais (erosão, abrasão, abfração) permitem um diagnóstico e uma gestão terapêutica adaptados. Este trabalho destina-se a realizar uma revisão de literatura tendo como objetivo compreender as etiologias na origem das lesões cervicais não cariosas e descrever não só as abordagens de diagnóstico, mas também as estratégias terapêuticas preventivas e restauradoras. Para tentar responder a esta questão, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura científica publicada usando a consulta dos motores de busca Pubmed, Cochrane, Scielo, do acervo bibliográfico do IUEM e biblioteca pessoal. Foram apenas consideradas publicações em língua inglesa, portuguesa, espanhola e francesa dos últimos 45 anos.The incidence of caries has declined sharply in recent years, thanks to the development of prevention campaigns, but also to the development of fluoride therapy. Unfortunately, other types of dental injuries are increasingly observed in dental practice: non-carious cervical lesions. The non-carious cervical lesions correspond to a loss of the irreversible dental structure in the amelo-cementary junction of the tooth without bacterial action. Non-carious cervical lesions show an increasing prevalence during the last years and are also increasingly observed in the daily practice of the dentist. This growth is due to an aging of the population, but also to the modification of the way of life (inadequate brushing technique, stress, eating habits...). Non-carious cervical lesions have several aesthetic and functional consequences and can also cause tooth sensitivity. A better approach to non-carious cervical lesions, and an adequate understanding of the mechanisms of action as well as multifactorial etiologies (erosion, abrasion, abfraction...) allow an adapted diagnosis and therapeutic management. This work aims to carry out a literature review with the objective of understanding the etiologies at the origin of non-carious cervical lesions and describing diagnostic approaches, but also preventive and restorative therapeutic strategies. To try to answer this question, a review of published scientific literature was carried out using the search engines Pubmed, Cochrane, Scielo, the bibliographic collection of the IUEM and personal library. Only publications in English, Portuguese, Spanish and French were considered from the last 50 years

Meiotic Regulation of TPX2 Protein Levels Governs Cell Cycle Progression in Mouse Oocytes

Formation of female gametes requires acentriolar spindle assembly during meiosis. Mitotic spindles organize from centrosomes and via local activation of the RanGTPase on chromosomes. Vertebrate oocytes present a RanGTP gradient centred on chromatin at all stages of meiotic maturation. However, this gradient is dispensable for assembly of the first meiotic spindle. To understand this meiosis I peculiarity, we studied TPX2, a Ran target, in mouse oocytes. Strikingly, TPX2 activity is controlled at the protein level through its accumulation from meiosis I to II. By RNAi depletion and live imaging, we show that TPX2 is required for spindle assembly via two distinct functions. It controls microtubule assembly and spindle pole integrity via the phosphorylation of TACC3, a regulator of MTOCs activity. We show that meiotic spindle formation in vivo depends on the regulation of at least a target of Ran, TPX2, rather than on the regulation of the RanGTP gradient itself

The CYCLIN-A CYCA1;2/TAM Is Required for the Meiosis I to Meiosis II Transition and Cooperates with OSD1 for the Prophase to First Meiotic Division Transition

Meiosis halves the chromosome number because its two divisions follow a single round of DNA replication. This process involves two cell transitions, the transition from prophase to the first meiotic division (meiosis I) and the unique meiosis I to meiosis II transition. We show here that the A-type cyclin CYCA1;2/TAM plays a major role in both transitions in Arabidopsis. A series of tam mutants failed to enter meiosis II and thus produced diploid spores and functional diploid gametes. These diploid gametes had a recombined genotype produced through the single meiosis I division. In addition, by combining the tam-2 mutation with AtSpo11-1 and Atrec8, we obtained plants producing diploid gametes through a mitotic-like division that were genetically identical to their parents. Thus tam alleles displayed phenotypes very similar to that of the previously described osd1 mutant. Combining tam and osd1 mutations leads to a failure in the prophase to meiosis I transition during male meiosis and to the production of tetraploid spores and gametes. This suggests that TAM and OSD1 are involved in the control of both meiotic transitions

Gas6 Downregulation Impaired Cytoplasmic Maturation and Pronuclear Formation Independent to the MPF Activity

Previously, we found that the growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) is more highly expressed in germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes than in metaphase II (MII) oocytes using annealing control primer (ACP)-PCR technology. The current study was undertaken to investigate the role of Gas6 in oocyte maturation and fertilization using RNA interference (RNAi). Interestingly, despite the specific and marked decrease in Gas6 mRNA and protein expression in GVs after Gas6 RNAi, nuclear maturation including spindle structures and chromosome segregation was not affected. The only discernible effect induced by Gas6 RNAi was a change in maturation promoting factor (MPF) activity. After parthenogenetic activation, Gas6 RNAi-treated oocytes at the MII stage had not developed further and arrested at MII (90.0%). After stimulation with Sr2+, Gas6-silenced MII oocytes had markedly reduced Ca2+ oscillation and exhibited no exocytosis of cortical granules. In these oocytes, sperm penetration occurred during fertilization but not pronucleus (PN) formation. By roscovitine and colcemid treatment, we found that the Gas6 knockdown affected cytoplasmic maturation directly, independent to the changed MPF activity. These results strongly suggest that 1) the Gas6 signaling itself is important to the cytoplasmic maturation, but not nuclear maturation, and 2) the decreased Gas6 expression and decreased MPF activity separately or mutually influence sperm head decondensation and PN formation

Commentaire

Ledan Pierre. Commentaire. In: Revue d'économie financière, n°7, 1988. Articles divers. pp. 71-73