32 research outputs found
Justice sociale et intégrité environnementale dans les conflits liés à la biodiversité : recherche de terrain d'entente dans la conservation du jaguar (Panthera onca)
Abstract: Biodiversity conflicts occur when people's objectives or priorities over biodiversity differ. They are presented here as a symptom of our failures to reach sustainable development targets, sustainable development being defined in this study as a process aiming at environmental integrity and social justice. Previous research approached biodiversity conflicts primarily under the environmental integrity component of sustainable development, aiming to reduce conflicts through the reduction of biodiversity impacts (i.e., the negative interactions between humans and biodiversity). However, the implementation of strategies aiming to reduce biodiversity impacts has rarely led to long-term conflict management, suggesting that conflict management could be principally affected by social justice and the underlying human conflict. Through an interdisciplinary approach, I explore how the notion of social justice and the pursuit of common ground may help develop new solutions to manage biodiversity conflict and achieve better environmental integrity. More specifically, I try to understand: (1) What is the relationship between biodiversity impact and biodiversity conflict? (2) How is social justice related to biodiversity conflict, and how might its consideration offer new approaches or solutions to strengthen environmental integrity? (3) Can dialogic and collaborative approaches contribute to managing biodiversity conflicts? My research is based on an empirical study exploring environmental management in Calakmul, Mexico. Calakmul region, while hosting the largest tropical forest and population of jaguar (Panthera onca) in Mexico, is also a place for agricultural activity, resulting in a conflict about jaguar management. While jaguar management is a common thread among the chapters of my thesis, I also focus on the benefits of exploring multiple issues to understand the context in which environmental management takes place. In chapter 2, I assess the extent of large catsâ impact in the region and the factors that influence the occurrence of livestock attacks and their spatial distribution. I develop a two-dimensional approach to consider landscape characteristics and human pressure separately. I also use a geostatistical model, accounting for spatial autocorrelation in the data, as well as a multi-scale approach to select the relevant spatial scale for each variable and consider historical data on landscape attributes. Results show that sheep are particularly at risk, regardless of their spatial distribution in the region or other factors. Attack occurrence is best explained by the functional characteristics of the landscape (here, linked to fragmentation process), whereas the effect of human pressure is of lower importance. This research suggests that attack risk is widely spread across the Calakmul region, and that strengthening the use of landscape ecology for spatial predation risk estimation might improve the potential of such tool for conservation. In chapter 3, I propose a novel approach to start collaboration that focuses on common ground. I was interested in understanding local actorsâ concerns regarding environmental management in the region, and to contextualize jaguar management among other issues. I propose a way to identify and quantify common ground among multiple issues raised by local representatives. I show that actor positions are diverse and that there is a lack of consistent grouping by occupational activity. Then, I suggest that by locating issues according to the level of common ground and importance among actors, it is possible to target issues to support the first stages of collaboration. Starting with issues of high importance and high common ground can enable actors to build norms of reciprocity and trust. Exploring multiple issues can also support negotiation among actors to find solutions of mutual benefit across issues. This work on common ground avoids preset assumptions about actors and embraces a larger view of the context in which environmental management takes place to address conservation issues. Finally, I explore the framing of construction of justice across multiple biodiversity conflicts, and the factors affecting feelings of justice surrounding jaguar management in Calakmul. Fairness concerns are often considered to be triggers for biodiversity conflicts and also to be highly context-dependent. The qualitative investigation of Chapter 4 allows me to derive a context-specific understanding of fairness in Calakmul, while providing a new framework that brings together four dimensions of justice (recognition, ecological, distributive and procedural). I consider two justice dimensions as conditional: justice-as-recognition, which acknowledges that there are different conceptions of justice among individuals, and ecological justice, which is about the fair treatment of the natural world. Both underpin practical justice, procedural and distributive, which interact to define fair procedures and distribution. The quantitative study of Chapter 5 focuses on jaguar management and allows to examine the factors influencing the prioritization of the criteria used by people to explain their feelings of justice. Based on a pioneering statistical tool, the results show the limited influence that personal experience of livestock attacks has on fairness perception, and rather emphasize the importance of relationships, such as intragroup coherency, or the perception of the responsible entities. I propose that fairness should not be neglected when trying to manage biodiversity conflicts and that inclusive processes are needed in order to reconcile conflicting justice perspectives and achieve more successful environmental management. My research integrates both social and natural sciences perspectives to provide, for each chapter, specific recommendations that can improve environmental management, and more specifically, jaguar management in the region of Calakmul. I confirmed that the link between biodiversity impact and biodiversity conflict is not simple and causal: a reduction of impacts might not be sufficient to reduce conflict. I propose that social justice allows addressing concerns related to both: biodiversity impact through the lens of distributive and ecological justices, and conflict across all justice dimensions as our plural approach reveals the variability of points of views among actors. My thesis emphasizes the importance for conservation to engage in collaborative approaches that are supported by common ground and based on dialogue and recognition. I believe that to do so, conservation biology will have to expand its boundaries. While recognizing its primary aim of ensuring biodiversity protection, conservation biology shall advance interdisciplinary understanding and engage with conservation practices. Researchers will have an important role to play by committing to develop more relationships with others: researchers from other disciplines, practitioners, and local actors. By acknowledging the potential of the research process to change both researchers and the subjects of the research, researchers can help build bridges between divergent points of view, create trusting relationships, and support the development of commonalities. I believe this can be an important first step to manage conflicts and reach sustainability in jaguar management, and biodiversity conservation more broadly.RĂ©sumĂ© : Les conflits liĂ©s Ă la biodiversitĂ© se produisent lorsque les objectifs ou les prioritĂ©s des individus par rapport Ă la biodiversitĂ© diffĂšrent. Ils sont prĂ©sentĂ©s ici comme un symptĂŽme de notre Ă©chec face au dĂ©veloppement durable, le dĂ©veloppement durable Ă©tant dĂ©fini dans cette Ă©tude comme un processus visant l'intĂ©gritĂ© environnementale et la justice sociale. Des recherches antĂ©rieures ont abordĂ© les conflits liĂ©s Ă la biodiversitĂ© principalement sous lâangle de lâintĂ©gritĂ© environnementale, visant Ă rĂ©duire les conflits par la rĂ©duction des impacts liĂ©s Ă la biodiversitĂ© (i.e. interactions nĂ©gatives entre les humains et la biodiversitĂ©). Cependant, la mise en oeuvre de stratĂ©gies visant Ă rĂ©duire les impacts a rarement conduit Ă une gestion des conflits Ă long terme. Cela suggĂšre que la gestion des conflits pourrait ĂȘtre principalement affectĂ©e par la justice sociale et le conflit sous-jacent entre humains. Ă travers une approche interdisciplinaire, j'explore comment la notion de justice sociale et la recherche de terrains d'entente peuvent aider Ă dĂ©velopper de nouvelles solutions pour gĂ©rer les conflits liĂ©s Ă la biodiversitĂ© et Ă atteindre une meilleure intĂ©gritĂ© environnementale. En particulier, j'essaie de comprendre : (1) Quelle est la relation entre les impacts et les conflits liĂ©s Ă la biodiversitĂ© ? (2) Comment la justice sociale est-elle reliĂ©e aux conflits et comment sa prise en compte offre de nouvelles approches ou solutions pour renforcer l'intĂ©gritĂ© environnementale ? (3) Les approches basĂ©es sur le dialogue et la collaboration peuvent-elles contribuer Ă la gestion des conflits liĂ©s Ă biodiversitĂ© ? Ma recherche est basĂ©e sur une Ă©tude empirique explorant la gestion de l'environnement Ă Calakmul, au Mexique. La rĂ©gion de Calakmul accueille la plus grande forĂȘt tropicale et la plus grande population de jaguar (Panthera onca) au Mexique, mais supporte Ă©galement des activitĂ©s agricoles, ce qui entraĂźne un conflit en lien avec la gestion du jaguar. La gestion du jaguar est un fil conducteur constant au travers des chapitres de ma thĂšse ; cependant, je me concentre Ă©galement sur les avantages d'explorer de multiples problĂ©matiques pour comprendre le contexte dans lequel la gestion environnementale a lieu. Dans le chapitre 2, j'Ă©value l'ampleur de l'impact des grands fĂ©lins dans la rĂ©gion de Calakmul et les facteurs qui influencent l'occurrence des attaques de bĂ©tail et leur distribution spatiale. Je dĂ©veloppe une approche bidimensionnelle pour considĂ©rer sĂ©parĂ©ment les caractĂ©ristiques du paysage et la pression humaine. J'utilise Ă©galement un modĂšle gĂ©ostatistique, qui tient compte de l'autocorrĂ©lation spatiale dans les donnĂ©es, ainsi qu'une approche multi-Ă©chelle pour sĂ©lectionner l'Ă©chelle spatiale pertinente pour chaque variable. Je prends aussi en compte des donnĂ©es historiques sur lâhabitat disponible pour le jaguar. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que les moutons sont particuliĂšrement menacĂ©s, oĂč quâils soient dans le paysage et sans importer leur gestion. Les caractĂ©ristiques fonctionnelles du paysage (ici liĂ©es au processus de fragmentation) sont les variables qui expliquent ensuite le mieux lâoccurrence dâattaque, alors que l'effet de la pression humaine est moins important. Cette recherche suggĂšre que le risque d'attaque est largement rĂ©pandu dans la rĂ©gion de Calakmul. De plus, une utilisation accrue de l'Ă©cologie du paysage pour l'estimation du risque spatial de prĂ©dation pourrait potentiellement amĂ©liorer lâutilitĂ© dâun tel outil pour la conservation. Dans le chapitre 3, je propose une nouvelle approche qui soutient le dĂ©marrage des processus collaboratifs en se concentrant sur les terrains d'entente. Je souhaitais comprendre les prĂ©occupations des acteurs locaux concernant la gestion de l'environnement dans la rĂ©gion dâĂ©tude, et mettre en contexte la gestion du jaguar parmi les autres problĂ©matiques. Je propose donc un moyen d'identifier et de quantifier les terrains d'entente pour les diffĂ©rentes prĂ©occupations soulevĂ©es par des reprĂ©sentants locaux. Je montre que les positions des acteurs sont diverses et quâil nâest pas possible de les regrouper en fonction de leurs occupations professionnelles. Ensuite, je suggĂšre qu'en situant les problĂ©matiques soulevĂ©es par les acteurs selon leur niveau de terrain dâentente et d'importance, il est possible de cibler des problĂ©matiques qui soutiennent positivement les premiĂšres Ă©tapes dâune collaboration. En ciblant dâabord des prĂ©occupations importantes et prĂ©sentant un fort potentiel de terrain dâentente, il est possible dâinstaller des relations entre acteurs basĂ©es sur la confiance et la rĂ©ciprocitĂ©. L'exploration de plusieurs issues peut Ă©galement favoriser une nĂ©gociation entre acteurs pour trouver des solutions qui rĂ©pondent simultanĂ©ment Ă plusieurs problĂ©matiques. Ce travail sur les terrains d'entente Ă©vite ainsi les prĂ©jugĂ©s sur les positions des diffĂ©rents acteurs. Il adopte Ă©galement une vision plus large du contexte dans llequel la gestion environnementale a lieu, afin de mieux traiter les problĂšmes de conservation. Enfin, j'explore la construction du sentiment de justice Ă travers plusieurs conflits liĂ©s Ă la biodiversitĂ© Ă Calakmul, pour ensuite considĂ©rer les facteurs affectant ce sentiment dans le cadre de la gestion du jaguar. Les prĂ©occupations en lien avec la justice sont souvent considĂ©rĂ©es comme un dĂ©clencheur de conflits, et sont aussi fortement reliĂ©es au contexte dans lequel elles apparaissent. Lâapproche qualitative du chapitre 4 me permet dâobtenir une comprĂ©hension contextualisĂ©e du sentiment de justice Ă Calakmul. Dâautre part, elle permet de proposer un nouveau cadre thĂ©orique qui rassemble quatre dimensions de la justice (reconnaissance, Ă©cologique, distributive et procĂ©durale). Deux dimensions de la justice sont prĂ©sentĂ©es comme conditionnelles : la « justice-comme-reconnaissance » admet qu'il existe diffĂ©rentes conceptions de la justice entre les individus, tandis que la justice Ă©cologique se prĂ©occupe dâobtenir un juste traitement du monde naturel. Ces deux dimensions conditionnelles dĂ©limitent la possibilitĂ© dâatteindre la justice dite pratique, correspondant aux deux autres dimensions, procĂ©durale et distributive ; celles-ci interagissent pour dĂ©finir des procĂ©dures et distributions considĂ©rĂ©es comme justes. L'Ă©tude quantitative du chapitre 5 met l'accent sur la gestion du jaguar. Elle permet d'examiner les facteurs influençant la priorisation des critĂšres utilisĂ©s par les personnes pour expliquer leur sentiment de justice. BasĂ©s sur un outil statistique innovant, les rĂ©sultats montrent l'influence limitĂ©e de l'expĂ©rience personnelle dâattaque de bĂ©tail sur la perception de justice. Ils soulignent plutĂŽt l'importance des relations, telles que la cohĂ©rence intragroupe, ou la perception des entitĂ©s responsables. Je propose de ne pas nĂ©gliger le sentiment de justice dans la gestion des conflits liĂ©s Ă la biodiversitĂ© et de mettre en place des processus inclusifs, afin de rĂ©concilier des perspectives de justice parfois contradictoires et parvenir Ă une meilleure gestion de l'environnement. Ma recherche intĂšgre Ă la fois sciences sociales et naturelles pour fournir, Ă chaque chapitre, des recommandations spĂ©cifiques pouvant amĂ©liorer la gestion de l'environnement, et plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment la gestion du jaguar dans la rĂ©gion de Calakmul. Elle permet de confirmer que le lien entre impacts et conflits liĂ©s la biodiversitĂ© n'est ni simple, ni causal : une rĂ©duction des impacts nâest pas nĂ©cessairement suffisante pour rĂ©duire les conflits. Je propose donc que la justice sociale est une rĂ©ponse aux prĂ©occupations liĂ©es aux deux : les impacts Ă travers la justice distributive et Ă©cologique et les conflits Ă travers lâensemble des dimensions puisque notre approche plurielle rĂ©vĂšle la variabilitĂ© des points de vue entre les acteurs. Ma thĂšse souligne l'importance pour la conservation de lâenvironnement de s'engager dans des approches collaboratives basĂ©es sur les terrains d'entente et de mettre l'accent sur le dialogue et la reconnaissance. Je crois que pour ce faire, la biologie de la conservation doit Ă©largir ses frontiĂšres. Tout en reconnaissant son objectif d'atteindre une plus grande protection de la biodiversitĂ©, elle doit promouvoir la comprĂ©hension interdisciplinaire et s'engager avec les acteurs de terrain pour la conservation. Les chercheurs ont un rĂŽle important Ă jouer en s'engageant Ă dĂ©velopper davantage de relations avec les autres, tels que les chercheurs d'autres disciplines, les praticiens et les acteurs locaux. En reconnaissant le potentiel du processus de recherche de changer Ă la fois le chercheur et lâindividu sujet de la recherche, les chercheurs peuvent aider Ă Ă©tablir des ponts entre des points de vue divergents, crĂ©er des relations de confiance, et soutenir le dĂ©veloppement de points communs. Je crois que cela peut ĂȘtre une premiĂšre Ă©tape importante pour gĂ©rer les conflits et atteindre une gestion durable du jaguar
Conservation conflict hotspots : mapping impacts, risk perception and tolerance for sustainable conservation management
LL received a grant of excellence for foreigners from the Secretariat of External Relations of the Mexican Government; SC would like to thank the University of Sherbrooke for a Continuous Education Grant, BS was granted a travel grant from Newton Links (RLTG9-LATAM-358429460) and a fieldwork grant (FID-784) by El Colegio de la Frontera Sur and RW received funding from the Scottish Funding Council (Global Challenges Research Fund 2017-18 and 2018-19).Global processes manifesting as activities in local places have led to an increase in documented conservation conflicts. Conservation conflicts are sometimes labelled human-wildlife conflict, focusing only on the direct negative impact of species (usually wildlife) on humans or vice versa. However, many authors now recognize that conservation conflicts arise between people with diverse views, when one party acts against the interests of another. They are thus human-human conflicts and not merely an impact on or from conservation. Conflict is not always directly correlated with impact because perceptions of risk, levels of tolerance and conservation values influence human responses. This review aims to define the concept of âconservation conflict hotspotsâ and explore its practical applications in conservation. We propose that the interaction of impact, risk perception, level of tolerance in a context of conservation values can be mapped at a local scale, with spatial visualization assisting the prediction, understanding and management of such hotspots. The term conservation value incorporates measures of indigeneity, endemicity and demography along with emotional or cultural attachment to species or places. The umbrella terms of risk perception and tolerance capture many of the aspects of attitude, values and individual demographics that can influence peopleâs actions, enabling contextualization of relevant social factors at local scales. Spatially mapped layers enable us to plan and target conservation efforts towards human as well as ecological factors. The concept of âconservation conflict hotspotâ emphasizes the need for transdisciplinary research to understand underlying drivers of conflict and for dialogical and peace-building approaches to facilitate trust and cooperation amongst actors. We can thus address conflicts and achieve sustainable outcomes.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Factors affecting feelings of justice in biodiversity conflicts : towards fairer jaguar management in Calakmul, Mexico
Funding was provided by Mitacs through a Globalink Research Award to MLL, BS and SC, a José-Sarukhan Excellence Award given by the Centro del Cambio Global y Sustentabilidad del Sureste to MLL, an Excellence Award from the Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science to MLL, and a grant from the Université de Sherbrooke to SC.Conservation focuses on environmental objectives, but neglecting social concerns can lead to feelings of injustice among some actors and thus jeopardise conservation aims. Through a case study on a biodiversity conflict around jaguar management in Southern Mexico, we explored actors' feelings of injustice and their associated determinants. We employed a framework distinguishing four dimensions of justice: recognition, ecological, distributive and procedural. By conducting and analysing 235 interviews with farmers and ranchers, we investigated what drive their feeling of injustice, namely their perceptions of the injustice itself, individual characteristics and interactions with their environment. The participants selected 10 statements representing criteria characterizing their feeling of justice toward jaguar management, which they compared using pair-wise comparisons. A pioneering statistical analysis, BTLLasso, revealed that self-interest assumptions were not upheld; feelings of injustice were only weakly influenced by experience of depredation. Feelings of injustice were influenced mainly by factors related to actors' intra-and inter-group relationships (e.g. perception of collective responsibility, perceived coherence in the group to which they identified). This nuanced understanding of how people build their perception of justice can inform fairer and more effective conservation approaches. Whilst details will be context specific, it emerged that building relationships and enabling debate over ecological responsibilities are important and conservation efforts should go beyond merely offering financial compensation. We conclude that perception of justice is a neglected but important aspect to include in integrative approaches to managing biodiversity conflicts, and that novel mixed methods can advance both conceptual and applied understanding in this area.PostprintPeer reviewe
The construction of feelings of justice in environmental management : an empirical study of multiple biodiversity conflicts in Calakmul, Mexico
Funding was provided by MITACS through a Globalink Research Award to MLL, BS and SC, a José-Sarukhan Excellence Award given by the Centro del Cambio Global y Sustentabilidad del Sureste to MLL, an Excellence Award from the Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science to MLL, and a grant from the Université de Sherbrooke to SC.A failure to address social concerns in biodiversity conservation can lead to feelings of injustice among some actors, and hence jeopardize conservation goals. The complex socio-cultural and political context of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Mexico, has historically led to multiple biodiversity conflicts. Our goal, in this case study, was to explore perceptions of justice held by local actors in relation to biodiversity conflicts. We then aimed to determine the following: 1) people's definitions of their feelings of justice; 2) the criteria used in this assessment; 3) variability in the criteria influencing them; and 4) implications for environmental management in the region and beyond. We worked with five focus groups, exploring three examples of biodiversity conflict around forest, water and jaguar management with a total of 41 ranchers, farmers and representatives of local producers. Our results demonstrated that people constructed their feelings of justice around four dimensions of justice: recognition (acknowledging individuals' rights, values, cultures and knowledge systems); ecological (fair and respectful treatment of the natural environment), procedural (fairness in processes of environmental management), distributive (fairness in the distribution of costs and benefits). We identified a list of criteria the participants used in their appraisal of justice and sources of variation such as the social scale of focus and participant role, and whom they perceived to be responsible for resource management. We propose a new framework that conceptualizes justice-as-recognition and ecological justice as forms of conditional justices, and procedural and distributive justices as forms of practical justice. Conditional justice allows us to define who is a legitimate source of justice norms and if nature should be integrated in the scope of justice; hence, conditional justice underpins other dimensions of justice. On the other hand, procedural and distributive address the daily practices of fair processes and distribution. We propose that the perception of justice is a neglected but important aspect to include in integrative approaches to managing biodiversity conflicts. Addressing demands of justice in environmental management will require us to consider more than the distribution of costs and benefits among actors. We also need to respect the plurality of fairness perspectives and to recognize the benefits of dialogical approaches to achieve more successful environmental management.PostprintPeer reviewe
Activation and repression functions of an SR splicing regulator depend on exonic versus intronic-binding position
SR proteins and related factors play widespread roles in alternative pre-mRNA splicing and are known to promote splice site recognition through their ArgâSer-rich effector domains. However, binding of SR regulators to some targets results in repression of splice sites through a distinct mechanism. Here, we investigate how activated and repressed targets of the Drosophila SR regulator Transformer2 elicit its differing effects on splicing. We find that, like activation, repression affects early steps in the recognition of splice sites and spliceosome assembly. Repositioning of regulatory elements reveals that Tra2 complexes that normally repress splicing from intronic positions activate splicing when located in an exon. Protein tethering experiments demonstrate that this position dependence is an intrinsic property of Tra2 and further show that repression and activation are mediated by separate effector domains of this protein. When other Drosophila SR factors (SF2 and Rbp1) that activate splicing from exonic positions were tethered intronically they failed to either activate or repress splicing. Interestingly, both activities of Tra2 favor the exonic identity of the RNA sequences that encompass its binding sites. This suggests a model in which these two opposite functions act in concert to define both the position and extent of alternatively spliced exons
Justice sociale et intégrité environnementale dans les conflits liés à la biodiversité : recherche de terrain d'entente dans la conservation du jaguar (Panthera onca)
Abstract: Biodiversity conflicts occur when people's objectives or priorities over biodiversity differ. They are presented here as a symptom of our failures to reach sustainable development targets, sustainable development being defined in this study as a process aiming at environmental integrity and social justice. Previous research approached biodiversity conflicts primarily under the environmental integrity component of sustainable development, aiming to reduce conflicts through the reduction of biodiversity impacts (i.e., the negative interactions between humans and biodiversity). However, the implementation of strategies aiming to reduce biodiversity impacts has rarely led to long-term conflict management, suggesting that conflict management could be principally affected by social justice and the underlying human conflict. Through an interdisciplinary approach, I explore how the notion of social justice and the pursuit of common ground may help develop new solutions to manage biodiversity conflict and achieve better environmental integrity. More specifically, I try to understand: (1) What is the relationship between biodiversity impact and biodiversity conflict? (2) How is social justice related to biodiversity conflict, and how might its consideration offer new approaches or solutions to strengthen environmental integrity? (3) Can dialogic and collaborative approaches contribute to managing biodiversity conflicts? My research is based on an empirical study exploring environmental management in Calakmul, Mexico. Calakmul region, while hosting the largest tropical forest and population of jaguar (Panthera onca) in Mexico, is also a place for agricultural activity, resulting in a conflict about jaguar management. While jaguar management is a common thread among the chapters of my thesis, I also focus on the benefits of exploring multiple issues to understand the context in which environmental management takes place. In chapter 2, I assess the extent of large catsâ impact in the region and the factors that influence the occurrence of livestock attacks and their spatial distribution. I develop a two-dimensional approach to consider landscape characteristics and human pressure separately. I also use a geostatistical model, accounting for spatial autocorrelation in the data, as well as a multi-scale approach to select the relevant spatial scale for each variable and consider historical data on landscape attributes. Results show that sheep are particularly at risk, regardless of their spatial distribution in the region or other factors. Attack occurrence is best explained by the functional characteristics of the landscape (here, linked to fragmentation process), whereas the effect of human pressure is of lower importance. This research suggests that attack risk is widely spread across the Calakmul region, and that strengthening the use of landscape ecology for spatial predation risk estimation might improve the potential of such tool for conservation. In chapter 3, I propose a novel approach to start collaboration that focuses on common ground. I was interested in understanding local actorsâ concerns regarding environmental management in the region, and to contextualize jaguar management among other issues. I propose a way to identify and quantify common ground among multiple issues raised by local representatives. I show that actor positions are diverse and that there is a lack of consistent grouping by occupational activity. Then, I suggest that by locating issues according to the level of common ground and importance among actors, it is possible to target issues to support the first stages of collaboration. Starting with issues of high importance and high common ground can enable actors to build norms of reciprocity and trust. Exploring multiple issues can also support negotiation among actors to find solutions of mutual benefit across issues. This work on common ground avoids preset assumptions about actors and embraces a larger view of the context in which environmental management takes place to address conservation issues. Finally, I explore the framing of construction of justice across multiple biodiversity conflicts, and the factors affecting feelings of justice surrounding jaguar management in Calakmul. Fairness concerns are often considered to be triggers for biodiversity conflicts and also to be highly context-dependent. The qualitative investigation of Chapter 4 allows me to derive a context-specific understanding of fairness in Calakmul, while providing a new framework that brings together four dimensions of justice (recognition, ecological, distributive and procedural). I consider two justice dimensions as conditional: justice-as-recognition, which acknowledges that there are different conceptions of justice among individuals, and ecological justice, which is about the fair treatment of the natural world. Both underpin practical justice, procedural and distributive, which interact to define fair procedures and distribution. The quantitative study of Chapter 5 focuses on jaguar management and allows to examine the factors influencing the prioritization of the criteria used by people to explain their feelings of justice. Based on a pioneering statistical tool, the results show the limited influence that personal experience of livestock attacks has on fairness perception, and rather emphasize the importance of relationships, such as intragroup coherency, or the perception of the responsible entities. I propose that fairness should not be neglected when trying to manage biodiversity conflicts and that inclusive processes are needed in order to reconcile conflicting justice perspectives and achieve more successful environmental management. My research integrates both social and natural sciences perspectives to provide, for each chapter, specific recommendations that can improve environmental management, and more specifically, jaguar management in the region of Calakmul. I confirmed that the link between biodiversity impact and biodiversity conflict is not simple and causal: a reduction of impacts might not be sufficient to reduce conflict. I propose that social justice allows addressing concerns related to both: biodiversity impact through the lens of distributive and ecological justices, and conflict across all justice dimensions as our plural approach reveals the variability of points of views among actors. My thesis emphasizes the importance for conservation to engage in collaborative approaches that are supported by common ground and based on dialogue and recognition. I believe that to do so, conservation biology will have to expand its boundaries. While recognizing its primary aim of ensuring biodiversity protection, conservation biology shall advance interdisciplinary understanding and engage with conservation practices. Researchers will have an important role to play by committing to develop more relationships with others: researchers from other disciplines, practitioners, and local actors. By acknowledging the potential of the research process to change both researchers and the subjects of the research, researchers can help build bridges between divergent points of view, create trusting relationships, and support the development of commonalities. I believe this can be an important first step to manage conflicts and reach sustainability in jaguar management, and biodiversity conservation more broadly.RĂ©sumĂ© : Les conflits liĂ©s Ă la biodiversitĂ© se produisent lorsque les objectifs ou les prioritĂ©s des individus par rapport Ă la biodiversitĂ© diffĂšrent. Ils sont prĂ©sentĂ©s ici comme un symptĂŽme de notre Ă©chec face au dĂ©veloppement durable, le dĂ©veloppement durable Ă©tant dĂ©fini dans cette Ă©tude comme un processus visant l'intĂ©gritĂ© environnementale et la justice sociale. Des recherches antĂ©rieures ont abordĂ© les conflits liĂ©s Ă la biodiversitĂ© principalement sous lâangle de lâintĂ©gritĂ© environnementale, visant Ă rĂ©duire les conflits par la rĂ©duction des impacts liĂ©s Ă la biodiversitĂ© (i.e. interactions nĂ©gatives entre les humains et la biodiversitĂ©). Cependant, la mise en oeuvre de stratĂ©gies visant Ă rĂ©duire les impacts a rarement conduit Ă une gestion des conflits Ă long terme. Cela suggĂšre que la gestion des conflits pourrait ĂȘtre principalement affectĂ©e par la justice sociale et le conflit sous-jacent entre humains. Ă travers une approche interdisciplinaire, j'explore comment la notion de justice sociale et la recherche de terrains d'entente peuvent aider Ă dĂ©velopper de nouvelles solutions pour gĂ©rer les conflits liĂ©s Ă la biodiversitĂ© et Ă atteindre une meilleure intĂ©gritĂ© environnementale. En particulier, j'essaie de comprendre : (1) Quelle est la relation entre les impacts et les conflits liĂ©s Ă la biodiversitĂ© ? (2) Comment la justice sociale est-elle reliĂ©e aux conflits et comment sa prise en compte offre de nouvelles approches ou solutions pour renforcer l'intĂ©gritĂ© environnementale ? (3) Les approches basĂ©es sur le dialogue et la collaboration peuvent-elles contribuer Ă la gestion des conflits liĂ©s Ă biodiversitĂ© ? Ma recherche est basĂ©e sur une Ă©tude empirique explorant la gestion de l'environnement Ă Calakmul, au Mexique. La rĂ©gion de Calakmul accueille la plus grande forĂȘt tropicale et la plus grande population de jaguar (Panthera onca) au Mexique, mais supporte Ă©galement des activitĂ©s agricoles, ce qui entraĂźne un conflit en lien avec la gestion du jaguar. La gestion du jaguar est un fil conducteur constant au travers des chapitres de ma thĂšse ; cependant, je me concentre Ă©galement sur les avantages d'explorer de multiples problĂ©matiques pour comprendre le contexte dans lequel la gestion environnementale a lieu. Dans le chapitre 2, j'Ă©value l'ampleur de l'impact des grands fĂ©lins dans la rĂ©gion de Calakmul et les facteurs qui influencent l'occurrence des attaques de bĂ©tail et leur distribution spatiale. Je dĂ©veloppe une approche bidimensionnelle pour considĂ©rer sĂ©parĂ©ment les caractĂ©ristiques du paysage et la pression humaine. J'utilise Ă©galement un modĂšle gĂ©ostatistique, qui tient compte de l'autocorrĂ©lation spatiale dans les donnĂ©es, ainsi qu'une approche multi-Ă©chelle pour sĂ©lectionner l'Ă©chelle spatiale pertinente pour chaque variable. Je prends aussi en compte des donnĂ©es historiques sur lâhabitat disponible pour le jaguar. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que les moutons sont particuliĂšrement menacĂ©s, oĂč quâils soient dans le paysage et sans importer leur gestion. Les caractĂ©ristiques fonctionnelles du paysage (ici liĂ©es au processus de fragmentation) sont les variables qui expliquent ensuite le mieux lâoccurrence dâattaque, alors que l'effet de la pression humaine est moins important. Cette recherche suggĂšre que le risque d'attaque est largement rĂ©pandu dans la rĂ©gion de Calakmul. De plus, une utilisation accrue de l'Ă©cologie du paysage pour l'estimation du risque spatial de prĂ©dation pourrait potentiellement amĂ©liorer lâutilitĂ© dâun tel outil pour la conservation. Dans le chapitre 3, je propose une nouvelle approche qui soutient le dĂ©marrage des processus collaboratifs en se concentrant sur les terrains d'entente. Je souhaitais comprendre les prĂ©occupations des acteurs locaux concernant la gestion de l'environnement dans la rĂ©gion dâĂ©tude, et mettre en contexte la gestion du jaguar parmi les autres problĂ©matiques. Je propose donc un moyen d'identifier et de quantifier les terrains d'entente pour les diffĂ©rentes prĂ©occupations soulevĂ©es par des reprĂ©sentants locaux. Je montre que les positions des acteurs sont diverses et quâil nâest pas possible de les regrouper en fonction de leurs occupations professionnelles. Ensuite, je suggĂšre qu'en situant les problĂ©matiques soulevĂ©es par les acteurs selon leur niveau de terrain dâentente et d'importance, il est possible de cibler des problĂ©matiques qui soutiennent positivement les premiĂšres Ă©tapes dâune collaboration. En ciblant dâabord des prĂ©occupations importantes et prĂ©sentant un fort potentiel de terrain dâentente, il est possible dâinstaller des relations entre acteurs basĂ©es sur la confiance et la rĂ©ciprocitĂ©. L'exploration de plusieurs issues peut Ă©galement favoriser une nĂ©gociation entre acteurs pour trouver des solutions qui rĂ©pondent simultanĂ©ment Ă plusieurs problĂ©matiques. Ce travail sur les terrains d'entente Ă©vite ainsi les prĂ©jugĂ©s sur les positions des diffĂ©rents acteurs. Il adopte Ă©galement une vision plus large du contexte dans llequel la gestion environnementale a lieu, afin de mieux traiter les problĂšmes de conservation. Enfin, j'explore la construction du sentiment de justice Ă travers plusieurs conflits liĂ©s Ă la biodiversitĂ© Ă Calakmul, pour ensuite considĂ©rer les facteurs affectant ce sentiment dans le cadre de la gestion du jaguar. Les prĂ©occupations en lien avec la justice sont souvent considĂ©rĂ©es comme un dĂ©clencheur de conflits, et sont aussi fortement reliĂ©es au contexte dans lequel elles apparaissent. Lâapproche qualitative du chapitre 4 me permet dâobtenir une comprĂ©hension contextualisĂ©e du sentiment de justice Ă Calakmul. Dâautre part, elle permet de proposer un nouveau cadre thĂ©orique qui rassemble quatre dimensions de la justice (reconnaissance, Ă©cologique, distributive et procĂ©durale). Deux dimensions de la justice sont prĂ©sentĂ©es comme conditionnelles : la « justice-comme-reconnaissance » admet qu'il existe diffĂ©rentes conceptions de la justice entre les individus, tandis que la justice Ă©cologique se prĂ©occupe dâobtenir un juste traitement du monde naturel. Ces deux dimensions conditionnelles dĂ©limitent la possibilitĂ© dâatteindre la justice dite pratique, correspondant aux deux autres dimensions, procĂ©durale et distributive ; celles-ci interagissent pour dĂ©finir des procĂ©dures et distributions considĂ©rĂ©es comme justes. L'Ă©tude quantitative du chapitre 5 met l'accent sur la gestion du jaguar. Elle permet d'examiner les facteurs influençant la priorisation des critĂšres utilisĂ©s par les personnes pour expliquer leur sentiment de justice. BasĂ©s sur un outil statistique innovant, les rĂ©sultats montrent l'influence limitĂ©e de l'expĂ©rience personnelle dâattaque de bĂ©tail sur la perception de justice. Ils soulignent plutĂŽt l'importance des relations, telles que la cohĂ©rence intragroupe, ou la perception des entitĂ©s responsables. Je propose de ne pas nĂ©gliger le sentiment de justice dans la gestion des conflits liĂ©s Ă la biodiversitĂ© et de mettre en place des processus inclusifs, afin de rĂ©concilier des perspectives de justice parfois contradictoires et parvenir Ă une meilleure gestion de l'environnement. Ma recherche intĂšgre Ă la fois sciences sociales et naturelles pour fournir, Ă chaque chapitre, des recommandations spĂ©cifiques pouvant amĂ©liorer la gestion de l'environnement, et plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment la gestion du jaguar dans la rĂ©gion de Calakmul. Elle permet de confirmer que le lien entre impacts et conflits liĂ©s la biodiversitĂ© n'est ni simple, ni causal : une rĂ©duction des impacts nâest pas nĂ©cessairement suffisante pour rĂ©duire les conflits. Je propose donc que la justice sociale est une rĂ©ponse aux prĂ©occupations liĂ©es aux deux : les impacts Ă travers la justice distributive et Ă©cologique et les conflits Ă travers lâensemble des dimensions puisque notre approche plurielle rĂ©vĂšle la variabilitĂ© des points de vue entre les acteurs. Ma thĂšse souligne l'importance pour la conservation de lâenvironnement de s'engager dans des approches collaboratives basĂ©es sur les terrains d'entente et de mettre l'accent sur le dialogue et la reconnaissance. Je crois que pour ce faire, la biologie de la conservation doit Ă©largir ses frontiĂšres. Tout en reconnaissant son objectif d'atteindre une plus grande protection de la biodiversitĂ©, elle doit promouvoir la comprĂ©hension interdisciplinaire et s'engager avec les acteurs de terrain pour la conservation. Les chercheurs ont un rĂŽle important Ă jouer en s'engageant Ă dĂ©velopper davantage de relations avec les autres, tels que les chercheurs d'autres disciplines, les praticiens et les acteurs locaux. En reconnaissant le potentiel du processus de recherche de changer Ă la fois le chercheur et lâindividu sujet de la recherche, les chercheurs peuvent aider Ă Ă©tablir des ponts entre des points de vue divergents, crĂ©er des relations de confiance, et soutenir le dĂ©veloppement de points communs. Je crois que cela peut ĂȘtre une premiĂšre Ă©tape importante pour gĂ©rer les conflits et atteindre une gestion durable du jaguar