Molecular and Evolutionary Bases of Within-Patient Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity in Escherichia coli Extraintestinal Infections

Although polymicrobial infections, caused by combinations of viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites, are being recognised with increasing frequency, little is known about the occurrence of within-species diversity in bacterial infections and the molecular and evolutionary bases of this diversity. We used multiple approaches to study the genomic and phenotypic diversity among 226 Escherichia coli isolates from deep and closed visceral infections occurring in 19 patients. We observed genomic variability among isolates from the same site within 11 patients. This diversity was of two types, as patients were infected either by several distinct E. coli clones (4 patients) or by members of a single clone that exhibit micro-heterogeneity (11 patients); both types of diversity were present in 4 patients. A surprisingly wide continuum of antibiotic resistance, outer membrane permeability, growth rate, stress resistance, red dry and rough morphotype characteristics and virulence properties were present within the isolates of single clones in 8 of the 11 patients showing genomic micro-heterogeneity. Many of the observed phenotypic differences within clones affected the trade-off between self-preservation and nutritional competence (SPANC). We showed in 3 patients that this phenotypic variability was associated with distinct levels of RpoS in co-existing isolates. Genome mutational analysis and global proteomic comparisons in isolates from a patient revealed a star-like relationship of changes amongst clonally diverging isolates. A mathematical model demonstrated that multiple genotypes with distinct RpoS levels can co-exist as a result of the SPANC trade-off. In the cases involving infection by a single clone, we present several lines of evidence to suggest diversification during the infectious process rather than an infection by multiple isolates exhibiting a micro-heterogeneity. Our results suggest that bacteria are subject to trade-offs during an infectious process and that the observed diversity resembled results obtained in experimental evolution studies. Whatever the mechanisms leading to diversity, our results have strong medical implications in terms of the need for more extensive isolate testing before deciding on antibiotic therapies

Exposition au bruit dans les crèches en Région de Bruxelles-Capitale: Les données de l’IBGE :Bruit – données de base pour le plan, Institut Bruxellois pour la Gestion de l’Environnement

www.bruxellesenvironnement.beinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

33. Exposition au bruit dans les crèches en Région de Bruxelles-Capitale

iiTSEinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Rapport sur les incidences environnementales du projet de plan de prévention et de lutte contre le bruit en milieu urbain en Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Bruxelles Environnement

www.bruxellesenvironnement.beinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Indoor Air Quality in nurseries in Brussels: présentation des résultats de l’étude pilote de la qualité de l’air dans les crèches bruxelloises

Conférence organisée dans le cadre de la présidence belge visant à réunir le réseau international des intervenants en pollution intérieureinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Les valeurs acoustiques et vibratoires utilisées en Région bruxelloise, version 2010: Les données de l’IBGE :Bruit – données de base pour le plan, Institut Bruxellois pour la Gestion de l’Environnement

www.bruxellesenvironnement.beinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

The Antarctic fish genus Artedidraco is paraphyletic (Teleostei, Notothenioidei, Artedidraconidae)

Artedidraconids (Plunderfishes) are small benthic notothenioid fishes of the Antarctic and South Georgia shelf and slope. The family Artedidraconidae is monophyletic; however, the relationships within the family have remained poorly explored until now, and based on a small sample of the genus Artedidraco. The present study focuses on the interrelationships among the artedidraconid genera and the phylogeny of the genus Artedidraco. 2,353 base pairs from 77 specimens were sequenced from the partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene and cytochrome b gene, the partial mitochondrial control region and the partial nuclear rhodopsin retrogene. The genus Artedidraco is not monophyletic, confirming the preliminary relationships found by Derome et al. (Mol Phylogenet Evol 24:139–152, 2002): Pogonophryne, Dolloidraco and Histiodraco are well embedded within the genus Artedidraco. From Artedidraco skottsbergi and A. loennbergi to A. orianae and A. mirus, the tree shows that there is an increasing number of upper lateral line tubular scales and decreasing number of disc-shaped scales. There is also a trend toward a decrease in the number of epipleural ribs and an increase in number of pleural ribs along the tree