Justice, déontologie, histoire. Entretien avec Henri Leclerc

Évoquant son rapport personnel à l’histoire, son action militante et certains épisodes de sa carrière d’avocat, Henri Leclerc aborde dans cet entretien la question complexe des relations entre justice, histoire, déontologie et morale. De manière nuancée, il rappelle notamment ce qu’une meilleure connaissance de l’histoire pourrait apporter à la formation des avocats et des magistrats, il définit ce qu’est selon lui un procès historique et réfléchit à la manière dont de tels procès peuvent participer à l’écriture du passé

Lithium Intercalation in Anatase Titanium Vacancies and the Role of Local Anionic Environment

The structure of bulk and nondefective compounds is generally described with crystal models built from well mastered techniques such the analysis of an X-ray diffractogram. The presence of defects, such as cationic vacancies, locally disrupt the long-range order, with the appearance of local structures with order extending only a few nanometers. To probe and describe the electrochemical properties of cation-deficient anatase, we investigated a series of materials having different concentrations of vacancies, i.e., Ti_{1–<i>x</i>–<i>y</i>}□_{<i>x</i>+<i>y</i>}O_{2–4(<i>x</i>+<i>y</i>)}F_4<i>x</i>(OH)_4<i>y</i>, and compared their properties with respect to defect-free stoichiometric anatase TiO₂. At first, we characterized the series of materials Ti_{1–<i>x</i>–<i>y</i>}□_{<i>x</i>+<i>y</i>}O_{2–4(<i>x</i>+<i>y</i>)}F_4<i>x</i>(OH)_4<i>y</i> by means of pair distribution function (PDF), ¹⁹F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, to probe the compositional and structural features. Second, we characterized the insertion electrochemical properties vs metallic lithium where we emphasized the beneficial role of the vacancies on the cyclability of the electrode under high C-rate, with performances scaling with the concentration of vacancies. The improved properties were explained by the change of the lithium insertion mechanism due to the presence of the vacancies, which act as host sites and suppress the phase transition typically observed in pure TiO₂, and further favor diffusive transport of lithium within the structure. NMR spectroscopy performed on lithiated samples provides evidence for the insertion of lithium in vacancies. By combining electrochemistry and DFT-calculations, we characterized the electrochemical signatures of the lithium insertion in the vacancies. Importantly, we found that the insertion voltage largely depends on the local anionic environment of the vacancy with a fluoride and hydroxide-rich environments, yielding high and low insertion voltages, respectively. This work further supports the beneficial use of defects engineering in electrodes for batteries and provides new fundamental knowledge in the insertion chemistry of cationic vacancies as host sites

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Christian-François Paullini et son étude sur le crapaud

Leclerc Henri. Christian-François Paullini et son étude sur le crapaud. In: Bulletin de la Société d'histoire de la pharmacie, 12ᵉ année, n°41, 1924. pp. 337-342

Une panacée médico-chirurgicale : la grande Consoude

Leclerc Henri. Une panacée médico-chirurgicale : la grande Consoude. In: Bulletin de la Société d'histoire de la pharmacie, 9ᵉ année, n°30, 1921. pp. 342-344

Souvenirs sur Auguste Soins, botaniste : une lettre de M. le docteur Henri Leclerc

Leclerc Henri. Souvenirs sur Auguste Soins, botaniste : une lettre de M. le docteur Henri Leclerc. In: Bulletin de la Société d'histoire de la pharmacie, 14ᵉ année, n°52, 1926. pp. 297-300

Histoire du melon [Communication de M. le docteur Henri Leclerc à la 15e séance de la Société d'Histoire de la Pharmacie]

Leclerc Henri. Histoire du melon [Communication de M. le docteur Henri Leclerc à la 15e séance de la Société d'Histoire de la Pharmacie]. In: Bulletin de la Société d'histoire de la pharmacie, 12ᵉ année, n°43, 1924. pp. 400-407

Une lettre de M. le Dr Henri Leclerc, sur la maladie du comte de Chambord (1883)

Leclerc Henri. Une lettre de M. le Dr Henri Leclerc, sur la maladie du comte de Chambord (1883). In: Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie, 19ᵉ année, n°72, 1931. pp. 42-46

Du refus de la raison d’État à celui de la raison économique

Deux thèmes sont au cœur de l’action de la Ligue des droits de l’Homme, l’un est le plus ancien et remonte à l’affaire Dreyfus, le refus de la raison d’État, et l’autre est apparu dans les années qui ont suivi, le refus de la raison économique. La première fois qu’il a été question de la raison d’État dans un texte de la Ligue des droits de l’Homme, c’est dans le manifeste rendu public le 17 juin 1898, peu après son assemblée générale fondatrice du 4 juin, dans la salle de la Sociétés savante..