In the eye of the beholder: mothers' perceptions of poor neighborhoods as places to raise children

This study explores how mothers facing similar neighborhood conditions evaluate their neighborhoods as places to raise children. The authors relied upon a triangulation of methods, using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies, with a sample of 91 low-income mothers. Content analysis of qualitative interviews revealed that mothers often hold divergent views about the quality of the same or similar neighborhoods. Mothers' overall neighborhood perceptions were influenced by several specific indicators, including social interaction, collective efficacy, fear of crime, personal victimization, and neighborhood incivilities. Moreover, mothers' subjective neighborhood perceptions were related to their parenting strategies. This study thus underscores the importance of not solely relying on “objective” neighborhood criteria such as census data, but of also attending to residents' subjective perceptions of their own neighborhoods. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/69195/1/20372_ftp.pd

The state of the evidence base for psychodynamic psychotherapy for children and adolescents

This article reviews outcomes of psychodynamic psychotherapy (PP) for children and adolescents reported in articles identified by a comprehensive review of the literature on treatment evaluations of psychological and medical interventions for mental disorders in pediatric populations. The review identified 48 reports based on 33 studies. While there is evidence of substantial clinical gains associated with PP, in almost all the studies, when contrasted with family-based interventions, PP fares no better and appears to produce outcomes with some delay relative to family-based therapies. Further rigorous evaluations are needed, but evidence to date suggests that the context in which PP is delivered should be extended from the traditional context of individual therapy and parents should be included in the treatment of children

Soft tissue and visceral sarcomas: ESMO-EURACAN-GENTURIS Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up

Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) comprise ∼80 entities defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification based on a combination of distinctive morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular features.1 These ESMO–EURACAN–GENTURIS (European Society for Medical Oncology; European Reference Network for Rare Adult Solid Cancers; European Reference Network for Genetic Tumour Risk Syndromes) Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) will cover STSs, with the exception of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) that are covered in the ESMO–EURACAN–GENTURIS GIST CPGs.2 EURACAN and GENTURIS are the European Reference Networks connecting European institutions, appointed by their governments, to cover rare adult solid cancers and genetic cancer risk syndromes, respectively. Extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma, round cell sarcoma with EWSR1-non-ETS fusion and sarcomas with CIC rearrangements and BCOR genetic alterations are covered by the ESMO–EURACAN–GENTURIS–ERN PaedCan (European Reference Network for Paediatric Oncology) bone sarcomas CPG.3 Kaposi's sarcoma, embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma are not discussed in this manuscript, while pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma is viewed as a high-grade, adult-type STS. Finally, extraskeletal osteosarcoma is also a considered a high-grade STS, whose clinical resemblance with osteosarcoma of bone is doubtful. The methodology followed during the consensus meeting is specified at the end of the manuscript in a dedicated paragraph

Roy LeGrange Underhill K1913 Scrapbook

https://digital.kenyon.edu/scrapbooks/1144/thumbnail.jp

Pharmacokinetics of cisapride in normal healthy cats and recommended oral dosing regimen

Due to the character of the original source materials and the nature of batch digitization, quality control issues may be present in this document. Please report any quality issues you encounter to [email protected], referencing the URI of the item.Includes bibliographical references.Issued also on microfiche from Lange Micrographics.The purpose of this study was to determine the disposition of cisapride in cats following oral (PO) and intravenous (IV) administration of a single dose and the bioavailability (F) of the drug when administered as an oral capsule. 7 cats each were treated with either 1 mg/kg (IV) or 2 mg/kg (PO) after a 24 hour fast. Blood samples were collected intermittently for 36 hours following administration. Cats were studied in pairs using a random crossover design in which a cat receiving an oral dose was paired with one receiving an intravenous dose. Cisapride was detected with an HPLC assay validated for cat plasma. Drug concentration versus time curves were subjected to standard pharmacokinetic analysis. Disposition parameters were compared between PO and IV groups. Following IV administration, extrapolated peak cisapride concentration, Co, was 421.30 + 155.37 ng/ml; clearance was 0.015 + 0.0067 ml/min*kg; mean residence time (MRT) was 6.36 + 4.21 hr; and volume of distribution (Vdss) was 4.50 + 1.36 ml/kg. Cmax for the oral capsule was 73.32 + 16.59 ng/ml, MRT was 8.32 + 4.47 hr, and F was 29.0 + 22.6%. Elimination half-life was similar for both the oral and intravenous routes (T1/2(lv) = 5.19 + 3.77 hr, Tk(po) = 5.27 -+ 3.16 hr) . All cats tolerated all doses with no apparent adverse effects. Based on these data an oral dose of 1 mg/kg given every 8 hours should maintain an average concentration at steady state that lies within the published therapeutic range for people

Essays on Domestic Instability and Uncertainty in Autocracies: Evidence from Contemporary China

This dissertation consists of three essays on domestic instability and uncertainty in autocracies with an empirical focus on contemporary China. In the first essay, I study the relationship between China’s formerly institutionalized and routinized leadership transitions and interstate dispute escalation to test a theory on temporary policy allocation during periods of relative domestic instability. I show that China’s leaders have a history of militarily escalating disputes with other states in the time directly preceding and succeeding leadership transitions. In fact, over 60 percent of incidents of escalation by China that occurred between 1989 and 2013 transpired around leadership transitions. I theorize that this previously unidentified pattern of escalation is motivated by concerns over domestic instability, and that it represents concessions to China’s hawkish issue publics to shore up stability at critical junctures. I illustrate the logic of that strategy with a simple formal model. Using maximum likelihood estimation, I find that there is a significant positive relationship between interstate dispute escalation and leadership transition. Of note, it is generally accepted that China has favored win-win diplomatic solutions to its disputes with other states. Instances of escalation have thus been largely categorized as aberrant behavior. My identification of this pattern of escalation challenges this logic and suggests that the militarization of disputes has at times been a routine and strategic undertaking by the leaders of China’s Communist Party. In the second essay, I examine how elite uncertainty affects the allocation of public and private goods. Existing research has established that autocrats offer concessions to prevent ouster by their inner circle. I examine how those concessions are influenced by the relative uncertainty of an autocrat's inner circle about remaining in that favored body. I take as my starting point the formal model of political survival presented in Bueno de Mesquita et. al.'s The Logic of Political Survival. I extend the model to account for variation in the relative uncertainty of an autocrat's inner circle. To make the math tractable, I dispense with convention and introduce comparative statics across two models with different formulations of uncertainty. This exercise reveals a set of conditions under which to expect an increase in the concessions offered by an autocrat with implications for development and democracy. Those findings yield a corresponding set of logical corollaries with potential to further our understanding of authoritarian politics, including an unexamined facet of the ``dictator’s dilemma'' and related incentives for members of an inner circle to permit purges or act to destabilize their ranks. The models also identify a source of policy volatility not found outside of autocracies. Taken together, the findings suggest a need for more research on elite uncertainty in autocracies.In the third essay, I develop a measure of political uncertainty in autocracies using evidence from China's formerly institutionalized and routinized leadership transitions and state-controlled media. Political uncertainty, defined as the lack of confidence with which government and policy outcomes can be predicted, has recently surged to unprecedented levels across the globe. Nonetheless, research on the subject is constrained by the absence of an objective measure. Existing solutions for the open problem of measuring political uncertainty necessarily measure it indirectly, with approaches that are not appropriate or applicable in autocracies. Toward a solution to the open problem for autocracies, I develop a measure of political uncertainty with evidence from China. I first locate a plausibly exogenous source of variation in political uncertainty, namely China’s formerly institutionalized and routinized leadership transitions. I then exploit the Communist Party’s tight control over the news media to reveal the internal dynamics of those leadership transitions. This entails identifying informative temporal and geographic patterns in Chinese archival news on the top candidates for "future'" leadership positions, using statistical and machine learning-based anomaly detection methods, including epidemic change-point estimation via a penalized cost approach, Bayesian detection methods, an unsupervised tree-based algorithm, and composite approach. From the identified patterns, I estimate the timing of leadership selection to approximate when the distribution of political uncertainty becomes less uniform, and subject to variation. Leadership selection changes the distribution of political uncertainty because future leaders are then known and the information can be disseminated. Information on the identities of future leaders at least marginally decreases political uncertainty as each leader has previous public service records and guanxi networks that are central to political transactions in China. To my knowledge, the distribution of political uncertainty has yet to be considered in previously developed measures. As a result, the measure of political uncertainty that I develop can reduce a longstanding source of bias in related research on autocracies, and China in particular

High resolution heat capacity studies near the nematic-smectic A phase transition

U of I OnlyThesi