30 research outputs found

    Exhumation, crustal deformation, and thermal structure of the Nepal Himalaya derived from the inversion of thermochronological and thermobarometric data and modeling of the topography

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    Two end‐member kinematic models of crustal shortening across the Himalaya are currently debated: one assumes localized thrusting along a single major thrust fault, the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) with nonuniform underplating due to duplexing, and the other advocates for out‐of‐sequence (OOS) thrusting in addition to thrusting along the MHT and underplating. We assess these two models based on the modeling of thermochronological, thermometric, and thermobarometric data from the central Nepal Himalaya. We complement a data set compiled from the literature with 114 ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar, 10 apatite fission track, and 5 zircon (U‐Th)/He thermochronological data. The data are predicted using a thermokinematic model (PECUBE), and the model parameters are constrained using an inverse approach based on the Neighborhood Algorithm. The model parameters include geometric characteristics as well as overthrusting rates, radiogenic heat production in the High Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) sequence, the age of initiation of the duplex or of out-of-sequence thrusting. Both models can provide a satisfactory fit to the inverted data. However, the model with out-of-sequence thrusting implies an unrealistic convergence rate ≄30 mm yr^(−1). The out-of-sequence thrust model can be adjusted to fit the convergence rate and the thermochronological data if the Main Central Thrust zone is assigned a constant geometry and a dip angle of about 30° and a slip rate of <1 mm yr^(−1). In the duplex model, the 20 mm yr^(−1) convergence rate is partitioned between an overthrusting rate of 5.8 ± 1.4 mm yr^(−1) and an underthrusting rate of 14.2 ± 1.8 mm yr^(−1). Modern rock uplift rates are estimated to increase from about 0.9 ± 0.31 mm yr^(−1) in the Lesser Himalaya to 3.0 ± 0.9 mm yr^(−1) at the front of the high range, 86 ± 13 km from the Main Frontal Thrust. The effective friction coefficient is estimated to be 0.07 or smaller, and the radiogenic heat production of HHC units is estimated to be 2.2 ± 0.1 ”Wm^(−3). The midcrustal duplex initiated at 9.8 ± 1.7 Ma, leading to an increase of uplift rate at front of the High Himalaya from 0.9 ± 0.31 to 3.05 ± 0.9 mm yr^(−1). We also run 3-D models by coupling PECUBE with a landscape evolution model (CASCADE). This modeling shows that the effect of the evolving topography can explain a fraction of the scatter observed in the data but not all of it, suggesting that lateral variations of the kinematics of crustal deformation and exhumation are likely. It has been argued that the steep physiographic transition at the foot of the Greater Himalayan Sequence indicates OOS thrusting, but our results demonstrate that the best fit duplex model derived from the thermochronological and thermobarometric data reproduces the present morphology of the Nepal Himalaya equally well

    Géologie du Haut-Dauphiné cristallin (Alpes Française): Etudes pétrologique et structurale de la partie occidentale

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    MĂ©moire Science de la Terre n°25 - NancyGeology of the crystalline Haut-DauphinĂ© (French Alps). Petrology and structure of the Western Part. This work is a regional monography on the western part of the external crystalline Haut-DauphinĂ©. It deals mainly with the antealpine history of this region studied by petrology and structural analysis. In the first part, metamorphic formations are described, while the intrusive carboniferous complex is treated,in the second part and the alpine history of the region is briefly outlined in the third one. a) The whole metamorphic formation is easily divided into two zones : an outer (cortical) no-migmatized zone and a migmatic core. The cortical zone, the so- called Petit and Vieux Chaillol volcano-sedimentary zone, occurs SW of the region, as a more than 1500 m thick serie composed, from bottom to top, by: - amphibolites, garnet bearing micaschists, cipolinos and a thick conglomeratic horizon. It corresponds mainly to a volcano- detrital cycle which extends to the north in the Belledonne massif and shows strong analogies with the spilite-keratophyre "hercynolype" volcanic complexes. It went during its history through mesozonal temperature - and " intermediate pressure" conditions. It is deformed by isoclinal folds , to which a fracture cleavage related to an hercynian, probably visean retromorphic phase is superposed near the core. The age of the main metamorphic phase and the deposition of the serie is not clear . In spite of its apparent monotony, the core, or inner ChampolĂ©on-Valgaudemar - Haut-VĂ©nĂ©on zone, may be divided into 5 units. As the contacts between these units are tectonic, their relationships are hypothetical. The Crupillouse augen gneisses constitute two bodies remarkable by their homogeneity, lack of xenoliths, relative architectural simplicity and granitic composition ; the southern body is cut by a layer of finely bedded micaschists and by a dense net of tourmaline bearing dykes ; the orthogneissic features of the augen gneisses are stressed. The Pigeonnier granitoĂŻd gneisses constitute a small body with a complex history : a first gneissification could have preceeded the main migmatization which has itself been followed by the development of an abundant aplopegmatic net. The lineament of La Pilatte is a narrow band of variegated, polymetamorphjc rocks which correspond ta Saxony type granulites, later mobilized. The La Lavey formation constilutes the main part of the core of the Haut-DauphinĂ©; amphibolitic layers make a marker horizon throughout aIl the region ; structural investigations indicate 3 folding phases (the last one being alpine ) and the chemistry points out the analogy between this formation and the no-mobilized one of the cortical zone. Even if belonging to the same complex, the Olan amphibolic augen gneisses are treated separately to stress their specific features ; very continuous on the field (stratoĂŻd formation), they are remarkably homogeneous chemically ; their initial latitic volcanic nature is certain ; their origin is discussed. The Alpe du Pin porphyroĂŻds and the Plan - du - Lac ocellar gneisses are then presented as later acid volcanic formations, penecontemporaneous of the hercynian granitization, intruded and probably preserved in the great lineaments of the region ; their acid monzonitic type is stressed. Two metamorphic phases at Jeast seem to occur in the main part of the core. The general migmatization is the last important recorded phenomenon. lts intensity culminates towards the present NE of tbe region, where it leads ta the formation of migmatic granites (Villar- d'ArĂšne). h) The carboniferous intrusive complex is composed of morc than 20 weIl delimited granites, mainly dyke shaped aplopegmatites and very many dykes of basic and acid rocks. Only the granites are studied in detail, on twelve occurrences grouped in 9 types. Finally , the crystallizatlon processes are sketched after a presentation of the different minerals occuring in these granites ; from available theoretical and cxperimental data, the physico-chemical conditions of their prominent sericitisation are particularly studied. It is proposed that early deuteric phenomenon have largely preceeded in time a recent retromorphism. Mineralogy and chemistry support the distinction of 2 trends in al1 these granites, respectively homogeneous at the scale of each occurrence : a monzonitic trend and a group of acid, albitic and wo micas bearing granites. In a genetic conclusion, the different possible origins of these two-trends are studied i a differenciationassimilation process is proposed for the first one ; the role of anatexis and fluid phase is stressed for the second one the porphyroĂŻd granites of the western part derive from the reactivation of a older granites.Cet ouvrage est une monographie rĂ©gionale consacrĂ©e Ă  la partie occidentale du massif cristallin externe du Haut-DauphinĂ©. Le travail a essentiellement axĂ© sur l'histoire antĂ©alpine de ce massif, approchĂ©e de façon pĂ©trologique et structurale. Dans une premiĂšre partie sont dĂ©crites les formations cristallophylliennes tandis que le complexe carbonifĂšre intrusif fait l'objet de la deuxiĂšme partie et que l'histoire alpine du massif est esquissĂ©e dans la troisiĂšme. a) L'ensemble des formations cristallophylliennes se divise aisĂ©ment en deux zones: une zone corticale non migmatisĂ©e et un noyau migmatitique. La zone corticale, ou zone volcano-sĂ©dimentaire du Petit et Vieux Chaillol affleure au SW du massif ; c'est une sĂ©rie de plus de 1500 m d'Ă©paisseur qui comporte de bas en haut: des amphibolites, des micaschistes grenatifĂšres, des cipolins et un puissant horizon conglomĂ©ratique. Elle correspond essentiellement Ă  un cycle volcano-dĂ©tritique qui se prolonge au Nord dans le massif de Belledonne et prĂ©sente de fortes analogies avec les complexes volcaniques spilite-kĂ©ratophyre " hercynotypes ". Elle a Ă©tĂ© soumise au cours de son histoire Ă  des conditions de tempĂ©rature mĂ©sozonales et Ă  des conditions de "pression intermĂ©diaire". Elle est affectĂ©e par un rĂ©gime de plis isoclinaux auquel se superpose, prĂšs du noyau, une schistositĂ© de fracture liĂ©e Ă  une phase rĂ©tromorphique hercynienne, vraisemblablement visĂ©enne. L'Ăąge de la phase principale de mĂ©tamorphisme ainsi que celui dĂ©pĂŽt de la sĂ©rie n'est pas rĂ©solu. Le noyau, ou zone intĂ©rieure de ChampolĂ©on-Valgaudemar-Haut-VĂ©nĂ©on et Haute Romanche, peut ĂȘtre divisĂ© en cinq unitĂ©s, malgrĂ© sa monotonie apparente. Les contacts entre unitĂ©s Ă©tant essentiellement tectoniques, leurs rapports sont problĂ©matiques. Les gneiss oeillĂ©s de Crupillouse forment deux massifs remarquables par leur homogĂ©nĂ©itĂ©, leur absence d'enclaves, leur relative simplicitĂ© d'architecture et leur composition granitique; le massif mĂ©ridional est recoupĂ© par une bande de micaschistes finement litĂ©s, et par un rĂ©seau dense de filons Ă  tourmaline; le caractĂšre orthogneissique des gneiss oeillĂ©s est mis en Ă©vidence. Les gneiss granitoĂŻdes du Pigeonnier forment un petit massif Ă  l'histoire complexe une premiĂšre gneissification aurait prĂ©cĂ©dĂ© la migmatisation gĂ©nĂ©rale elle-mĂȘme suivie par le dĂ©veloppement d'un abondant rĂ©seau aplopegmatitique. Le linĂ©ament de La Pilatte forme une bande Ă©troite de roches variĂ©es, polymĂ©tamorphiques, correspondant Ă  des granulites de type Saxe ultĂ©rieurement mobilisĂ©es. Les formations de La Lavey forment l'essentiel du noyau Haut-DauphinĂ© ; des niveaux amphiboliques tracent un horizon repĂšre Ă  travers tout le massif : l'Ă©tude structurale met en Ă©vidence trois phases de plissement (la derniĂšre alpine), et l'Ă©tude chimique souligne les ressemblances de ces formations avec celles non mobilisĂ©es de la zone corticale. Bien qu'appartenant au mĂȘme ensemble, les gneiss oeillĂ©s amphiboliques de l'Olan sont traitĂ©s sĂ©parĂ©ment afin de bien mettre en relief leurs caractĂšres particuliers ; trĂšs continus sur le terrain (formation stratoĂŻde), ils ont une homogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© chimique remarquable ; leur nature volcanique latitique initiale ne fait pas de doute ; leur origine est discutĂ©e. h) le complexe intrusif carbonifĂšre comporte plus de 20 massifs circonscrits de granite, des aplopegmatites gĂ©nĂ©ralement filoniennes ainsi que de trĂšs nombreux filons de de roches basiques ou acides. les granites font seuls l'objet d'une Ă©tude dĂ©taillĂ©e qui concerne douze massifs regroupĂ©s en neuf variĂ©tĂ©s. Ensuite, les problĂšmes posĂ©s par les processus de leur cristallisation sont abordĂ©s aprĂšs une prĂ©sentation des diffĂ©rents minĂ©raux de ces granites Ă  l'aide des donnĂ©es thĂ©oriques et expĂ©rimentales disponibles, les conditions physicochimiques de leur sĂ©ricitisation gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e sont plus particuliĂšrement Ă©tudiĂ©es ; l'hypothĂšse de phĂ©nomĂšnes deutĂ©riques prĂ©coces ayant largement prĂ©cĂ©dĂ© dans le temps une rĂ©tromorphose rĂ©cente est proposĂ©e. La minĂ©ralogie et la chimie permettent de distinguer deux lignĂ©es dans l'ensemble de ces granites, homogĂšnes Ă  l'Ă©chelle de chaque massif : une lignĂ©e monzonitique et un groupe de granites acides, albitiques, Ă  deux micas. Dans une conclusion gĂ©nĂ©tique, les diffĂ©rentes origines possibles de ces deux lignĂ©es sont Ă©tudiĂ©es ; un processus d'assimilation diffĂ©renciation est envisagĂ© pour la premiĂšre ; le rĂŽle de l'anatexie et de la phase fluide est soulignĂ© pour la seconde ; les granites porphyroĂŻdes de la bordure occidentale proviennent de la rĂ©activation de granites antĂ©rieurs

    A cationic classification of common plutonic rocks and their magmatic associations : principles, method, applications

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    This classification is based on cationic calculations from major element data and then applied to simple chemical-mineralogical diagrams. The method follows two sequential steps. The first step is concerned with characterising the individual sample. From the cationic values, the sample is identified by name and its chemical and mineralogical characteristics are determined. The second and most important aim of the chemical-mineralogical diagrams is to define the magmatic association to which the sample or group of samples belong. Based on chemical data, this method can also be used to classify common volcanic rocks. Several applications are presented.Cette classification repose sur le traitement cationique des Ă©lĂ©ments majeurs dans un ensemble de diagrammes chimico-minĂ©ralogiques faciles Ă  mettre en Ɠuvre. La dĂ©marche suivie comporte deux Ă©tapes complĂ©mentaires situĂ©es Ă  deux niveaux diffĂ©rents. La premiĂšre traite de l'Ă©chantillon : sa nomenclature et ses particularitĂ©s chimico-minĂ©ralogiques sont dĂ©finies. La seconde, la plus importante, consiste Ă  dĂ©terminer le type d'association magmatique dont relĂšve l'Ă©chantillon ou le groupe d'Ă©chantillons Ă©tudiĂ©. BasĂ©e sur des donnĂ©es chimiques, cette mĂ©thode est Ă©galement utilisable pour classer les roches volcaniques communes. Plusieurs applications sont prĂ©sentĂ©es.Debon François, Le Fort Patrick. A cationic classification of common plutonic rocks and their magmatic associations : principles, method, applications. In: Bulletin de MinĂ©ralogie, volume 111, 5, 1988. pp. 493-510

    Les massifs externes alpins et leurs séries métamorphiques: problÚmes de raccords stratigraphiques et géochronométriques

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    Les auteurs présentent l'hypothÚse suivante: les massifs externes sont constitués d'unités qui se poursuivent de massif en massif. Deux séries bien différenciées (la série à pinite et la série à conglomérats métamorphiques) notamment se retrouvent sur des trÚs grandes distances et représentent des horizons-repÚres précieux. La stratigraphie, la pétrographie, les relations structurales et les ùges isotopiques de ces séries sont discutés. Les auteurs tentent également un rapprochement avec certaines séries cristallophylliennes du Massif Central et du Pennique.The authors present the following hypothesis: The External Massifs of the Alps are formed by units which can be followed from massif to massif. Namely, two very well differenciated series (a serie with pinite and another one with metamorphosed conglomerates) can be detected over a very long distance. The stratigraphy, the petrology, the field relationships and the isotopic ages of these series are discussed. The authors tentatively compare these series to those of the French Massif Central and the Penninic Alps.</p

    6Ăšme colloque Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet = 6th Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet workshop : Auris en Oisans, 20 au 23 mars 1991

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    Géologie alpine. Mémoire HS, ; n° 16 97 p.Les communications courtes concernent les nouveaux développements géologiques de la chaine himalayenne
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