Tabelas de vida e de fertilidade de Pineus boerneri Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) em Pinus spp. (Pinaceae).

Parâmetros biológicos de Pineus boerneri foram avaliados em laboratório em mudas de Pinus taeda e Pinus elliottii. As ninfas foram acompanhadas durante seu desenvolvimento. O período total do ciclo de vida não diferiu significativamente nas duas espécies, respectivamente 69 dias em P. taeda e 65 em P. elliottii. O mesmo ocorreu com a fecundidade média, com 40 ovos/fêmea em P. taeda e 53 em P. elliottii. Porém, considerando a fecundidade média diária, houve diferença significativa com 1,3 ovos/fêmea/dia em P. taeda e 1,8 ovos/fêmea/dia em P. elliottii. A taxa de mortalidade ninfal foi mais alta em P. taeda (50%) do que em P. elliottii (28%). Esse padrão refletiu-se na esperança de vida que foi maior em P. elliottii no estágio ninfal, mas semelhante no estágio adulto nas duas plantas hospedeiras. A capacidade inata da espécie para aumentar em número e a razão finita de aumento foram semelhantes, indicando a mesma capacidade reprodutiva nos dois hospedeiros. A taxa líquida de reprodução foi significativamente maior em P. elliottii (23,8 ovos/fêmea) que em P. taeda (15,4). As maiores taxas de sobrevivência ninfal e reprodutiva em P. elliottii evidenciam que esta planta é mais propícia para o desenvolvimento de P. boerneri. Biological parameters of Pineus boerneri were evaluated in laboratory using seedlings of Pinus taeda and Pinus elliottii. The nymphs were observed along their development. The total life cycle was not significantly different on P. taeda and P. elliottii, being, respectively, 69 and 65 days. The same trend was observed for mean fecundity, being about 40 eggs/female on P. taeda and 53 on P. elliottii. However, when daily mean fecundity was considered, the difference was significant, being 1.3 eggs/female/day on P. taeda and 1.8 on P. elliottii. The nymphal mortality was greater on P. taeda (50%) than on P. elliottii (28%). These results reflected on life expectancy which was higher on P. elliottii for the nymphal stage, but for the adult stage there was no significant difference between both host plants. The intrinsic rate of natural increase and the finite rate of increase were similar, indicating that P. boerneri shows the same reproductive capacity on both hosts, despite the net reproductive rate being much greater on P. elliottii (23.8 eggs/female) than on P. taeda (15.4). The highest nymphal survival and reproductive rates on P. elliottii indicate that this host plant is more suitable for the development of P. boerneri

EFICÁCIA DE TERRA DE DIATOMÁCEA E TEMPERATURA PARA O CONTROLE DO GORGULHO-DO-MILHO EM MILHO ARMAZENADO

Treatment with diatomaceous earth (DE) is an efficient insect control technique in integrated pest management programs of stored grain. Its main advantages are: low toxicity to mammals and long lasting efficacy. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of DE under different doses and temperatures to control Sitophilus zeamais in stored maize. In vials with 100 g of clean and dry corn kernels, 30 non-sexed 7-14 day-old adults of S. zeamais were submitted to the following treatments in three replicates: DE (Keepdry®) at 500, 750 and 1000 mg kg-1, at 15, 25 and 30 °C. The mortality was evaluated from the 1st to the 28th day. After this period, the adults were removed and the progeny was kept until the 56th day, when the insects were counted and the grain moisture content evaluated. The effect of temperature on S. zeamais mortality was significant for the three DE doses. The 750 and 1000 mg kg-1 doses caused the highest mortality at 25 °C and 30 °C, but with no significant difference between them. The progeny development was significantly higher in the control compared to the treatments with DE; there was no significant difference in the number of progeny among the three DE doses at any of the temperatures studied. The results support the use of DE as an effective grain protectant against S. zeamais in stored corn.O tratamento com Terra de Diatomácea (TD) é uma técnica eficiente para o controle de insetos em programa de manejo integrado de grãos armazenados. Suas principais vantagens são: baixa toxicidade para mamíferos e períodos de eficácia mais longos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de TD em diferentes doses e temperaturas para o controle de Sitophilus zeamais em milho armazenado. Em frascos com 100 g de milho limpo e seco, foram colocados 30 adultos de S. zeamais não sexados de 7 a 14 dias de idade, e submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos com três repetições: TD (Keepdry®) a 500, 750 e 1000 mg kg-1, mantidos a 15, 25 e 30 °C. A mortalidade foi avaliada entre o 1° e o 28° dia. Após este período, os adultos foram removidos e a progênie mantida até o 56° dia quando foi contado o número de insetos e avaliado o teor de umidade dos grãos. O efeito da temperatura na mortalidade S. zeamais foi significativo para as três doses de TD. As doses de 750 e 1000 mg kg-1 proporcionaram a maior mortalidade a 25 °C e 30 °C, mas sem diferenças significativas entre elas. O desenvolvimento da progênie foi altamente significativo no controle comparado ao grão tratado com TD; não foi constatada diferença significativa na progênie entre as três doses de TD nas temperaturas estudadas. Os resultados suportam o uso de TD como um protetor eficiente para o controle de S. zeamais em milho armazenado

Population fluctuation of Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Lizer y Trelles) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in two cropping systems of Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. (Aquifoliaceae).

The psyllid Gyropsylla spegazziniana is a key pest of maté crop in Southern Brazil, and its incidence has increased as a result of the extensive monoculture cropping system. The objective of this research was to compare the occurrence and population fluctuation of G. spegazziniana in native and high tree density cropping systems. The experiment was carried out in the county of São Mateus do Sul, state of Paraná, Brazil. The number of galls per tree and the natural enemies were counted and two types of yellow traps were used to collect the psyllids. The population of G. spegazziniana was noticeably higher in the high density area. The population peak occurred from November to January, when high temperatures were recorded. Larvae of predatory Syrphidae (Diptera) were observed in more than 70% of the galls.A ampola-da-erva-mate, Gyropsylla spegazziniana, é uma das pragas-chave da cultura da erva-mate no Sul do Brasil, cuja ocorrência tem aumentado em função do monocultivo extensivo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar a ocorrência e flutuação populacional de G. spegazziniana em sistemas de cultivo de erva-mate nativo e adensado. O experimento foi realizado no município de São Mateus do Sul, estado do Paraná, Brasil. A amostragem dos insetos foi feita usando-se dois tipos de armadilhas amarelas e por inspeção das plantas, contando-se o número de ampolas e de inimigos naturais. As populações de G. spegazziniana foram mais elevadas na área adensada, com o pico populacional de novembro a janeiro, quando foram registradas as temperaturas mais altas do período. A presença de larvas de Syrphidae (Diptera), predadoras de ninfas de G. spegazziniana, foi registrada em mais de 70% das ampolas

Chilling Aeration to Control Pests and Maintain Grain Quality during In-Bin Storage of Wheat in Kansas

Chilling aeration of stored grain is becoming very popular around the world since it offers many advantages in situations where ambient air conditions are not adequate to cool grain. It allows to cool grain, independent of ambient conditions, to “safe” temperatures where insect, fungi, and spoilage development is reduced to the minimum, and at the same time can potentially reduce chemical control use. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of chilling aeration to preserve grain quality and control insect-pests. The research trial was developed from August to November 2015 in Central Kansas in two 1,270 metric tons (MT) steel bins with low-moisture wheat from the 2015 summer harvest. One bin was chilled and the other was used as a control (ambient aeration). Variables evaluated were: moisture content (MC), grain and flour quality, insect-pest development and reproduction rate, insect fragments per kg, and fungi presence. Chilling aeration cooled the grain in 135 hours to an average of 17⁰C, with minimum variation through the four months. Ambient aeration in the control bin cooled the grain to an average of 22⁰C after 308 hours, with variation over 16⁰C through the four months. Lower temperatures significantly diminished insect development and reproduction rate. Flour quality was better preserved in the chilled than in the control bin. There was no significant effect on MC, grain quality or fungi presence. The energy cost of running the grain chiller was 0.22 $/MT more than the cost of ambient aeration in the control bin

Spatio-temporal analysis of insect pests infesting a paddy rice storage facility

The study describes the temporal and spatial distribution of the insect fauna collected in a paddy rice storage facility over two years, with major emphasis on the most abundant pests. The experiment, using 19 food-bait traps, was carried out in the county of Massaranduba, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, from November 1997 to October 1999. During the whole survey, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), a primary pest associated to stored cereals, was the most abundant species in the storage facility (28,542 specimens captured). Other beetles were collected in remarkable numbers, both primary pests, such as Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (3,931 specimens), and secondary pests, such as Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (4,075 specimens) and Oryzaephilus surinamesis (L.) (1,069 specimens). In general, various species showed very variable distribution and, depending on pest and year, all parts of the facility appeared infested. Pest populations were present both in processing area and in silos, at least in one of the two years survey. Analyzing different distributions, the various zones of the rice facility appeared to have different propensity to insect infestations, with the south-eastern silos and the grain pit with the conveyor belt as the most frequently infested. Moreover, variations between the 1st and 2nd year survey showed a strong decrease of total population numbers in the 2nd year, but in different ways, depending on the species considered. Such a result was probably due to the cleaning measures accomplished inside and outside the silos and in the processing area, including application of insecticide on the structure. O trabalho relata a ditribuição temporal e espacial da fauna entomológica coletada em um armazém com arroz em casca durante dois anos, dando ênfase às espécies mais abundantes. O experimento, utilizando 19 armadilhas tipo gaiola foi realizado em Massaranduba, SC, de novembro de 1997 a outubro de 1999. Durante as coletas, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), considerada praga primária foi coletada em maior número (28.542 espécimes); outras pragas primárias como Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (3.931 espécimes) ou pragas secundárias como Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (4.075 espeécimes) e Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (1.069 espécimes) também tiveram grande ocorrência. Várias espécies mostraram variações na distribuição e dependendo do inseto-praga e do ano, todas as áreas foram infestadas. As populações de insetos estavam presentes tanto nas áreas de recebimento como nos silos, em um ou nos dois anos. Analisando as diferentes distribuições, as várias áreas de armazenamento de arroz apresentaram diferentes propensões de infestação de insetos, com os silos do sudoeste e a moega, que foram as áreas que apresentaram maior infestação. Além disso, as variações entre o primeiro e segundo ano mostraram acentuada redução do total da população de insetos no segundo ano, mas em diferentes locais, dependendo das espécies consideradas. Tais resultados provavelmente se devem às medidas de limpeza adotadas dentro e fora dos silos e na área de processamento, incluindo a aplicação de inseticida na estrutura

Chilled aeration to control pests and maintain grain quality during the summer storage of wheat in north central region of Kansas: Presentation

Chilled aeration allows to cool grain, independent of ambient conditions, to "safe" temperatures where insect, fungi, and spoilage is reduced to the minimum. The objective of this research was to evaluate the advantages of using grain chilling to preserve the quality of grain and reduce post-harvest losses, compared to conventional aeration and storage strategies used during the summer storage of wheat in Central Kansas, U.S.A. The research trials were developed in two 1,350 metric ton (t) steel silos in a Farmer’s Cooperative during the summer and fall of 2015 and 2016. One of the silos was chilled and the other was used as a control managed by the Cooperative. Variables evaluated were: grain temperature, moisture content (MC), grain quality, insect development and reproduction rate. The chilling treatment reduced the grain temperature from 28°C- 39°C to a minimum of 17°C- 17.6°C in less than 250 hours. Grain temperatures below 25°C were not possible during the summer using ambient aeration. Minimum variation of MC was observed in the Chilled silo while ambient aeration reduced the MC by 0.5%. Reproduction rates of RFB and LGB were significantly reduced by chilled temperatures lower than 17°C. Lower temperatures also reduced insects discovered in probe traps and insect damaged kernels (IDK). The energy cost of the grain chiller was between 0.26 US $/t- 0.32 US$/t higher than ambient aeration.Chilled aeration allows to cool grain, independent of ambient conditions, to "safe" temperatures where insect, fungi, and spoilage is reduced to the minimum. The objective of this research was to evaluate the advantages of using grain chilling to preserve the quality of grain and reduce post-harvest losses, compared to conventional aeration and storage strategies used during the summer storage of wheat in Central Kansas, U.S.A. The research trials were developed in two 1,350 metric ton (t) steel silos in a Farmer’s Cooperative during the summer and fall of 2015 and 2016. One of the silos was chilled and the other was used as a control managed by the Cooperative. Variables evaluated were: grain temperature, moisture content (MC), grain quality, insect development and reproduction rate. The chilling treatment reduced the grain temperature from 28°C- 39°C to a minimum of 17°C- 17.6°C in less than 250 hours. Grain temperatures below 25°C were not possible during the summer using ambient aeration. Minimum variation of MC was observed in the Chilled silo while ambient aeration reduced the MC by 0.5%. Reproduction rates of RFB and LGB were significantly reduced by chilled temperatures lower than 17°C. Lower temperatures also reduced insects discovered in probe traps and insect damaged kernels (IDK). The energy cost of the grain chiller was between 0.26 US $/t- 0.32 US$/t higher than ambient aeration

Chilled Aeration to Control Pests and Maintain Grain Quality during Summer Storage of Wheat in the North Central Region of Kansas

Chilled aeration allows grain to be cooled, independent of ambient conditions, to “safe” temperatures at which insects, fungi, and spoilage development are reduced to a minimum. The objective of this research was to evaluate the advantages of using grain chilling to preserve the quality of grain and reduce post-harvest losses caused by insects and fungi, compared to the conventional aeration and storage strategies used during summer storage in central Kansas. The research trials were developed at a farmer‘s cooperative in central Kansas in 2015 and 2016 on low-moisture wheat harvested during the summer of 2015 and 2016, respectively, and stored in two 1,350 metric ton (t) steel silos in which one was chilled and the other was used as a control managed by the cooperative. Temperature of the grain inside each silo was monitored with temperature cables. Variables evaluated were: moisture content (MC), grain and flour quality, insect-pest development and reproduction rate, insect fragments per 500 g of grain, and fungi presence. In 2015, the chilling treatment reduced the grain temperature from 28°C to 17°C in approximately 175 h, while in 2016 it took 245 h to reach about the same temperature with an initial grain temperature of 39°C. Grain temperatures below 25°C were not achieved in the control silo during the summer using ambient aeration. Minimum variation of MC was observed in the Chilled silo while ambient aeration reduced the moisture content by 0.5%. Reproduction rates of the red flour beetle and lesser grain borer were significantly reduced by chilling temperatures lower than 17°C. Lower temperatures also reduced insect populations detected in probe traps and insect damaged kernels. Insect fragments and fungi presence had no significant increase throughout the trials in either of the silos. No clear evidence of flour quality being better preserved at lower temperatures was detected. The energy cost of running the grain chiller was between 0.26-0.32 $/t higher than ambient aeration

N- and S-doped carbons derived from polyacrylonitrile for gases separation

The CO2 capture using adsorption can reduce the carbon footprint, increasing the sustainability of the process without the production of wastes present in commonly used industrial operations. The present research work analyses the effect of the doping-agents incorporation in carbon materials upon adsorption and separation of gases, specifically for carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The carbons precursor was polyacrylonitrile (PAN), which enabled the incorporation of nitrogen atoms in the structure, whereas sulphur doping was reached using pure sulphur after the carbonisation step. The influence of several variables (such as temperature or pressure) and characteristics of synthesised materials (mainly corresponding to surface characteristics) on carbon dioxide separation has been evaluated. Adsorption isotherms were determined for each gas (CO2 and N2) at different temperatures and pressures. Different adsorption models were evaluated to fit the experimental data. In general, the Toth isotherm described better the adsorption for both gases. Important parameters such as CO2/N2 selectivity and heat of adsorption were determined using the IAS theory and the experimental isotherms at different temperatures, respectively. Non-activated carbons generated from PAN carbonisation without sulphur addition showed the highest values of selectivity (up to 400) and adsorption heat (up to 40 kJ mol−1), mainly at low pressures and at low carbon dioxide uptakes, respectively. Furthermore, thanks to their high adsorption capacity, these carbons can be applied for carbon dioxide separation from mixtures with nitrogen

INFESTAÇÃO E DANOS DE Cinara atlantica RELACIONADOS COM O ESTADO NUTRICIONAL E HÍDRICO EM MUDAS DE Pinus taeda L.

The response of Cinara atlantica population to the nutritional status of recently planted seedlings of P. taeda was evaluated on field, in Três Barras city in the state of Santa Catarina, and to water stress in greenhouse, in Colombo city, Paraná state. In the greenhouse, 4 treatments were tested with 30 plants each treatment: non-stressed seedlings (at 60% of field capacity) and the stressed ones (at only 30% of field capacity), with and without insects. Each plant was infested with 10 nymphs of 3rd and 4th instars. Weekly, the number of aphids was counted, the height and diameter of the plants were measured, the nutritional status of the needles were analyzed and the volume of water applied accordingly. It was observed that the recently-planted seedlings were less attractive to C. atlantica because of their low N content condition caused by planting stress. The infestation of the water stressed plants in the greenhouse was the double of the population on the non-stressed plants. Plant height increased directly proportional to the aphid infestation and the impact of the insects was equivalent to that resulting from the water stress. The infested seedlings also presented an increasing in diameter, but there was no influence of water stress.Foi avaliada a resposta de populações de Cinara atlantica ao estado nutricional de mudas de Pinus taeda L., em condições de campo no município de Três Barras (SC), e ao estresse hídrico, em casa de vegetação em Colombo (PR). Em casa de vegetação, foram avaliados 4 tratamentos com 30 mudas cada: plantas não-estressadas (com 60% da capacidade de campo) e estressadas (com 30% da capacidade de campo), ambos com e sem insetos. Cada planta foi infestada com 10 ninfas de 3º e 4º instar. Semanalmente, era contado o número de afídeos, medidos a altura e o diâmetro de todas as plantas e acrescentado o volume de água correspondente. Em campo, foram plantadas 60 plantas, das quais, quinzenalmente, 15 plantas eram arrancadas ao acaso, contando-se o número de afídeos por planta e analisando-se o estado nutricional, durante dois meses. Constatou-se que o aumento do teor de nitrogênio nas mudas de P. taeda correlaciona-se diretamente com o aumento no número de insetos. As mudas com estresse hídrico apresentaram maiores teores de nitrogênio e incidência de pulgões. Em casa de vegetação, as plantas apresentaram menor crescimento em altura na presença de insetos, com ou sem estresse hídrico. As mudas infestadas apresentaram maior crescimento em diâmetro, independentemente do estresse hídrico, no tempo observado e condições do estudo

FORRAGEAMENTO DA ABELHA AFRICANIZADA NA FLORADA DA BRACATINGA

O experimento foi desenvolvido no Município de Mandirituba, Paraná, com o objetivo de avaliar o forrageamento das operárias de Apis mellifera L. em inflorescências de Bracatinga. As operárias foram coletadas com rede entomológica, entre 10h e 16h, em oito dias ensolarados, no período de 5 a 28 de agosto de 2001. As abelhas capturadas foram imediatamente anestesiadas para que o conteúdo do papo fosse avaliado com refratômetro manual para medir a concentração de sólidos solúveis totais (açúcares) no néctar. Em média, 27,02 ± 9,88% das operárias forrageavam néctar e pólen ao mesmo tempo, com o pico de abelhas portando néctar às 15h e de pólen às 13h. Diferenças estatísticas foram observadas na concentração de açúcares no néctar entre as horas do dia que variou de 18,5% a 36,8%, com o pico às 13h. A concentração de açúcares no néctar apresentou uma correlação positiva direta e moderada com a temperatura; foi inversamente correlacionada com a umidade relativa no ar; e não apresentou correlação significativa com a luminosidade.This experiment was conducted in Municipality of Mandirituba, Paraná, to assess the foraging behavior of Apis mellifera L. workers on Bracatinga flowers. The worker bees were collected using an insect net from 10h to 16h, during eight sunny days, from August 5 to 28, 2001. The bees were immediately anesthetized and the crop content was evaluated using a manual refractometer to measure the total soluble sugar in the nectar. On average 27.02 ± 9.88% of the bees presented nectar and pollen simultaneously, with the peak of bees carrying nectar at 3 p.m. and pollen at 1 p.m. Statistical differences were observed on nectar sugar concentration amongst hours of the day varying from 18.5% to 36.8%, with the peak at 1 p.m. The sugar concentration in the nectar was moderate and directly correlated to temperature; inversely correlated to relative humidity; and was not correlated to luminosity