Un nuevo milenio hacia la igualdad de género: una educación con calidad y desde la equidad

El logro de la enseñanza primaria universal y la promoción de la igualdad de género desde el enfoque de los derechos humanos debe ser un eje clave de todos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Se requiere un cambio estructural de enfoque para lograr avances sustanciales y afrontar los retos actuales. La Declaración del Milenio reflejó en el año 2000 el amplio reconocimiento internacional de que el empoderamiento de las mujeres y el logro de la igualdad entre los géneros son una cuestión de derechos humanos y justicia social. Además, en su V aniversario en 2005, se reconoció que el desarrollo, la paz y la seguridad y los derechos humanos están interconectados. Los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) no representan la visión total de la igualdad entre los géneros, el empoderamiento de las mujeres o la erradicación de la pobreza y la transformación estructural visualizada en los instrumentos claves de derechos humanos o en acuerdos intergubernamentales significativos. Un ejemplo es la Plataforma de Beijing, el acuerdo internacional más completo para la promoción de los derechos de las mujeres, que se ha afirmado como una contribución esencial para alcanzar los ODM. Entre otros, es imprescindible que se tengan en cuenta la interrelación entre los ODM 2 (enseñanza primaria universal) y 3 (igualdad de género y empoderamiento de la mujer): las causas y consecuencias estructurales de la discriminación contra las mujeres y las niñas y el vínculo con los obstáculos para el disfrute equitativo en materia de educación para lograr las metas planteadas y poder monitorear adecuadamente los avances y retos en la promoción del desarrollo humano sostenible. Tomaremos un ejemplo concreto para ilustrar la complejidad del tema: el caso de la educación en Perú, aplicado a las condicionantes de etnia y género

Qualitative and quantitative approaches to highly local behaviors of historical masonry structures

Many simple methods exist for the analysis of the global behaviour of masonry structures. However the analysis of local behaviour is elusive, especially when the bonding material is in disrepair and the bond strength is dependent from the friction. To explain the causes of this difficulty is far from the scope of the present work. However, since such behaviour can become a practical problem in specific cases, it is necessary to propose alternative models that approximate best local behaviour than the classical models usually employed. Hereinafter a combination of "new'' and "old" approaches is proposed. This will show the nature of the phenomenon and will allow to progress in the development of models that can account for it. In the first phase the strongly random nature of the phenomenon is shown, if only qualitatively. This is achieved through the implementation and testing of photoelastic models. In the second phase an approximation to some qualitative results is attempted through numerical models

PKM2 subcellular localization is involved in oxaliplatin resistance acquisition in HT29 human colorectal cancer cell lines

Ajuts: Beca bianual de la Fundació Olga Torres 2008-2009Chemoresistance is the main cause of treatment failure in advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). However, molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain to be elucidated. In a previous work we identified low levels of PKM2 as a putative oxaliplatin-resistance marker in HT29 CRC cell lines and also in patients. In order to assess how PKM2 influences oxaliplatin response in CRC cells, we silenced PKM2 using specific siRNAs in HT29, SW480 and HCT116 cells. MTT test demonstrated that PKM2 silencing induced resistance in HT29 and SW480 cells and sensitivity in HCT116 cells. Same experiments in isogenic HCT116 p53 null cells and double silencing of p53 and PKM2 in HT29 cells failed to show an influence of p53. By using trypan blue stain and FITC-Annexin V/PI tests we detected that PKM2 knockdown was associated with an increase in cell viability but not with a decrease in apoptosis activation in HT29 cells. Fluorescence microscopy revealed PKM2 nuclear translocation in response to oxaliplatin in HCT116 and HT29 cells but not in OXA-resistant HTOXAR3 cells. Finally, by using a qPCR Array we demonstrated that oxaliplatin and PKM2 silencing altered cell death gene expression patterns including those of BMF, which was significantly increased in HT29 cells in response to oxaliplatin, in a dose and time-dependent manner, but not in siPKM2-HT29 and HTOXAR3 cells. BMF gene silencing in HT29 cells lead to a decrease in oxaliplatin-induced cell death. In conclusion, our data report new non-glycolytic roles of PKM2 in response to genotoxic damage and proposes BMF as a possible target gene of PKM2 to be involved in oxaliplatin response and resistance in CRC cells

Curcumin mediates oxaliplatin-acquired resistance reversion in colorectal cancer cell lines through modulation of CXC-Chemokine/NF-κB signalling pathway

This study was funded by the ISCIII grant, project n° PI1202228 and Departament d'Innovació, Universitats i Empresa, Generalitat de Catalunya. SGR-PREDIVHICO. This work was done under the framework of the doctorate in Medicine from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. We thank Dr. Lucía Sanjurjo (Innate Immunity Group, IGTP, Badalona, Spain) for her technical assistance and support and Dr. Verónica Guirao (Biobank research support unit, IGTP, Badalona, Spain) for her comments and editorial assistance.Resistance to oxaliplatin (OXA) is a complex process affecting the outcomes of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients treated with this drug. De-regulation of the NF-κB signalling pathway has been proposed as an important mechanism involved in this phenomenon. Here, we show that NF-κB was hyperactivated in in vitro models of OXA-acquired resistance but was attenuated by the addition of Curcumin, a non-toxic NF-κB inhibitor. The concomitant combination of Curcumin + OXA was more effective and synergistic in cell lines with acquired resistance to OXA, leading to the reversion of their resistant phenotype, through the inhibition of the NF-κB signalling cascade. Transcriptomic profiling revealed the up-regulation of three NF-κB-regulated CXC-chemokines, CXCL8, CXCL1 and CXCL2, in the resistant cells that were more efficiently down-regulated after OXA + Curcumin treatment as compared to the sensitive cells. Moreover, CXCL8 and CXCL1 gene silencing made resistant cells more sensitive to OXA through the inhibition of the Akt/NF-κB pathway. High expression of CXCL1 in FFPE samples from explant cultures of CRC patients-derived liver metastases was associated with response to OXA + Curcumin. In conclusion, we suggest that combination of OXA + Curcumin could be an effective treatment, for which CXCL1 could be used as a predictive marker, in CRC patients

東南アジアにおけるブタの系統地理学および進化史的研究

内容の要約広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(農学)Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculturedoctora

Protección de la privacidad en la gestión de big data. Una visión multidimensional : tecnológica y normativa

El presente proyecto presenta un análisis de la situación actual en relación con la gestión de la privacidad y la protección de datos de carácter personal asociada al empleo de Big Data. Se cubre de esta manera uno de los retos fundamentales a abordar para asegurar que los Big Data permitan a las distintas organizaciones la prestación de servicios más eficientes, sostenibles y personalizados que redunden en un mayor beneficio para la sociedad. Se propone para ello un enfoque holístico que, partiendo del análisis de la situación actual en relación con las soluciones tecnológicas y metodológicas que para reforzar la seguridad de la información y la privacidad se emplean en la gestión de Big Data, y de la normativa en vigor o en desarrollo en relación con la protección de datos de carácter personal, combine los elementos de ambas en aras de una mayor protección de los datos de carácter personal de los ciudadanos al mismo tiempo que se asegura la máxima eficiencia y entrega de valor por parte de los análisis de Big Data.Ingeniería Técnica en Sistemas de Telecomunicació

Can Innovation Save Us? Understanding the Role of Innovation in Mitigating the Covid-19 Pandemic in ASEAN-5 Economies

The novel coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic raises the question of whether innovation can save humanity. Indeed, as it always has, innovation is the path towards finding solutions such as vaccines, treatments and policies that mitigate the further spread of the virus. Since the announcement of a global pandemic on March 12, 2020, countries with relatively high levels of innovation remain high on the world rankings on new cases and deaths while countries considered relatively lower in innovation are not. We test the relationship between innovation systems and the ability of its pre-epidemic state to address the pandemic. We use a two-step System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to test this relationship using cases from the ASEAN-5 economies and their respective levels of innovation as reported in the Global Innovation Index. We find that the relationship between the level of innovation and a country’s ability to respond to the crisis to be significant and positive. We also find that search interest, an indicator of market response within an innovation context, to have a significant negative relationship with crisis management. We provide some preliminary analyses and insights on these two key findings as well as policy recommendations concerning innovation systems

El problema del rozamiento en el análisis de estructuras de fábrica mediante modelos de sólidos rígidos

La evaluación de la seguridad de estructuras antiguas de fábrica es un problema abierto.El material es heterogéneo y anisótropo, el estado previo de tensiones difícil de conocer y las condiciones de contorno inciertas. A comienzos de los años 50 se demostró que el análisis límite era aplicable a este tipo de estructuras, considerándose desde entonces como una herramienta adecuada. En los casos en los que no se produce deslizamiento la aplicación de los teoremas del análisis límite estándar constituye una herramienta formidable por su simplicidad y robustez. No es necesario conocer el estado real de tensiones. Basta con encontrar cualquier solución de equilibrio, y que satisfaga las condiciones de límite del material, en la seguridad de que su carga será igual o inferior a la carga real de inicio de colapso. Además esta carga de inicio de colapso es única (teorema de la unicidad) y se puede obtener como el óptimo de uno cualquiera entre un par de programas matemáticos convexos duales. Sin embargo, cuando puedan existir mecanismos de inicio de colapso que impliquen deslizamientos, cualquier solución debe satisfacer tanto las restricciones estáticas como las cinemáticas, así como un tipo especial de restricciones disyuntivas que ligan las anteriores y que pueden plantearse como de complementariedad. En este último caso no está asegurada la existencia de una solución única, por lo que es necesaria la búsqueda de otros métodos para tratar la incertidumbre asociada a su multiplicidad. En los últimos años, la investigación se ha centrado en la búsqueda de un mínimo absoluto por debajo del cual el colapso sea imposible. Este método es fácil de plantear desde el punto de vista matemático, pero intratable computacionalmente, debido a las restricciones de complementariedad 0 y z 0 que no son ni convexas ni suaves. El problema de decisión resultante es de complejidad computacional No determinista Polinomial (NP)- completo y el problema de optimización global NP-difícil. A pesar de ello, obtener una solución (sin garantía de exito) es un problema asequible. La presente tesis propone resolver el problema mediante Programación Lineal Secuencial, aprovechando las especiales características de las restricciones de complementariedad, que escritas en forma bilineal son del tipo y z = 0; y 0; z 0 , y aprovechando que el error de complementariedad (en forma bilineal) es una función de penalización exacta. Pero cuando se trata de encontrar la peor solución, el problema de optimización global equivalente es intratable (NP-difícil). Además, en tanto no se demuestre la existencia de un principio de máximo o mínimo, existe la duda de que el esfuerzo empleado en aproximar este mínimo esté justificado. En el capítulo 5, se propone hallar la distribución de frecuencias del factor de carga, para todas las soluciones de inicio de colapso posibles, sobre un sencillo ejemplo. Para ello, se realiza un muestreo de soluciones mediante el método de Monte Carlo, utilizando como contraste un método exacto de computación de politopos. El objetivo final es plantear hasta que punto está justificada la busqueda del mínimo absoluto y proponer un método alternativo de evaluación de la seguridad basado en probabilidades. Las distribuciones de frecuencias, de los factores de carga correspondientes a las soluciones de inicio de colapso obtenidas para el caso estudiado, muestran que tanto el valor máximo como el mínimo de los factores de carga son muy infrecuentes, y tanto más, cuanto más perfecto y contínuo es el contacto. Los resultados obtenidos confirman el interés de desarrollar nuevos métodos probabilistas. En el capítulo 6, se propone un método de este tipo basado en la obtención de múltiples soluciones, desde puntos de partida aleatorios y calificando los resultados mediante la Estadística de Orden. El propósito es determinar la probabilidad de inicio de colapso para cada solución.El método se aplica (de acuerdo a la reducción de expectativas propuesta por la Optimización Ordinal) para obtener una solución que se encuentre en un porcentaje determinado de las peores. Finalmente, en el capítulo 7, se proponen métodos híbridos, incorporando metaheurísticas, para los casos en que la búsqueda del mínimo global esté justificada. Abstract Safety assessment of the historic masonry structures is an open problem. The material is heterogeneous and anisotropic, the previous state of stress is hard to know and the boundary conditions are uncertain. In the early 50's it was proven that limit analysis was applicable to this kind of structures, being considered a suitable tool since then. In cases where no slip occurs, the application of the standard limit analysis theorems constitutes an excellent tool due to its simplicity and robustness. It is enough find any equilibrium solution which satisfy the limit constraints of the material. As we are certain that this load will be equal to or less than the actual load of the onset of collapse, it is not necessary to know the actual stresses state. Furthermore this load for the onset of collapse is unique (uniqueness theorem), and it can be obtained as the optimal from any of two mathematical convex duals programs However, if the mechanisms of the onset of collapse involve sliding, any solution must satisfy both static and kinematic constraints, and also a special kind of disjunctive constraints linking the previous ones, which can be formulated as complementarity constraints. In the latter case, it is not guaranted the existence of a single solution, so it is necessary to look for other ways to treat the uncertainty associated with its multiplicity. In recent years, research has been focused on finding an absolute minimum below which collapse is impossible. This method is easy to set from a mathematical point of view, but computationally intractable. This is due to the complementarity constraints 0 y z 0 , which are neither convex nor smooth. The computational complexity of the resulting decision problem is "Not-deterministic Polynomialcomplete" (NP-complete), and the corresponding global optimization problem is NP-hard. However, obtaining a solution (success is not guaranteed) is an affordable problem. This thesis proposes solve that problem through Successive Linear Programming: taking advantage of the special characteristics of complementarity constraints, which written in bilinear form are y z = 0; y 0; z 0 ; and taking advantage of the fact that the complementarity error (bilinear form) is an exact penalty function. But when it comes to finding the worst solution, the (equivalent) global optimization problem is intractable (NP-hard). Furthermore, until a minimum or maximum principle is not demonstrated, it is questionable that the effort expended in approximating this minimum is justified. XIV In chapter 5, it is proposed find the frequency distribution of the load factor, for all possible solutions of the onset of collapse, on a simple example. For this purpose, a Monte Carlo sampling of solutions is performed using a contrast method "exact computation of polytopes". The ultimate goal is to determine to which extent the search of the global minimum is justified, and to propose an alternative approach to safety assessment based on probabilities. The frequency distributions for the case study show that both the maximum and the minimum load factors are very infrequent, especially when the contact gets more perfect and more continuous. The results indicates the interest of developing new probabilistic methods. In Chapter 6, is proposed a method based on multiple solutions obtained from random starting points, and qualifying the results through Order Statistics. The purpose is to determine the probability for each solution of the onset of collapse. The method is applied (according to expectations reduction given by the Ordinal Optimization) to obtain a solution that is in a certain percentage of the worst. Finally, in Chapter 7, hybrid methods incorporating metaheuristics are proposed for cases in which the search for the global minimum is justified

Familien Interbentzio Zerbitzuan, nerabeekin interbentzio taldeak, teknika bezala

El trabajo que a continuación se presenta está enmarcado en el SIF (Servicio de Intervención Familiar) lugar donde he hecho las prácticas de grado de Trabajo Social pudiendo realizar una reflexión sobre los límites y potencialidades en los métodos de intervención en el servicio. El reflexionar sobre las formas de las intervenciones que se llevan a cabo desde el servicio es uno de los objetivos planteados, para identificar si es relevante ampliar o proponer otras formas de intervención en el marco de la intervención social con familias. Todo ello se hace a partir de la observación, la propia experiencia en las intervenciones, una base teórica y las encuestas realizadas. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se comprueba como buena práctica, la combinación de las intervenciones individuales con grupales y se observa la importancia de extenderlas a la adolescencia, un colectivo de riesgo con el que resulta fundamental intervenir.The work that is being presented here is framed within the SIF (Family Intervention Service) where I did my internship of my Social Work degree, which gave me the opportunity to reflect about the limits and possibilities of the intervention methods in the service. One of the objectives is to reflect about the ways of intervention that are carried out from de service, to identify if it is relevant to expand or propose other ways of interventions within the context of social intervention with families. All this is done from observation, the experience in interventions, a theoretical basis and the conducted surveys. The results show that the combination of individual and group interventions is a good practice and that there is important to extend these practices to the adolescence, a collective at risk with whom it is fundamental to interveneGraduado o Graduada en Trabajo Social por la Universidad Pública de NavarraGizarte Lanean Graduatua Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa

PROFITABILITY AND POTENTIAL OF PAPAYA LEAF EXTRACT AS PRETREATMENT IN FEEDS DURING THE EARLY GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF PHILIPPINE NATIVE CHICKENS

Feeds given to native chickens are characterized by low protein, available minerals and vitamins, and low palatability and digestibility. Aside from the feed wastage during feeding, the undigested portion and unutilized protein of feeds are excreted through the feces, which has been a long-time challenge for the poultry industry. This study aimed to assess the profitability and effects of papaya leaf extract (PLE) as pretreatment in feeds, and to determine its impact on feed utilization and early growth performance in Philippine native chickens.  A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and four replicates. The experimental treatments were: pure commercial feeds (control; T0); commercial feeds + 5% PLE + 50 h incubation (T1); commercial feeds + 10% PLE + 50 h incubation (T2); and commercial feeds + 15% PLE + 50 h incubation (T3). Significant differences (p<0.01) were found in terms of cumulative voluntary feed intake during the early growth stage , with T3 recording the highest intake throughout the feeding trial period. Similarly, weekly cumulative weight gain and body weight reached the highest values in T3. Although the feed conversion ratio was not significant, the profitability analysis revealed that birds fed with T3 yielded the highest profit with Php 97.92, while T0 was the least profitable, with Php 81.51. The obtained results revealed that when the percentage of crude protein (CP) decreases and the percentage of moisture increases, it could likely indicate that PLE may have pre-digested the crude protein in the feeds, breaking it down into individual amino acids. This study provides insights into the potential of PLE as a pretreatment on feeds to maximize the utilization of nutrients for increased growth and profits in Philippine native chicken production