24 research outputs found
Hydrous upwelling across the mantle transition zone beneath the Afar Triple Junction
The mechanisms that drive the upwelling of chemical heterogeneity from the lower to upper mantle (e.g., thermal versus compositional buoyancy) are key to our understanding of whole mantle con- vective processes. We address these issues through a receiver function study on new seismic data from recent deployments located on the Afar Triple Junction, a location associated with deep mantle upwelling. The detailed images of upper mantle and mantle transition zone structure illuminate features that give insights into the nature of upwelling from the deep Earth. A seismic low-velocity layer directly above the mantle transition zone, interpreted as a stable melt layer, along with a prominent 520 km discontinuity sug- gest the presence of a hydrous upwelling. A relatively uniform transition zone thickness across the region suggests a weak thermal anomaly (<100 K) may be present and that upwelling must be at least partly driven by compositional buoyancy. The results suggest that the lower mantle is a source of volatile rich, chemically distinct upwellings that influence the structure of the upper mantle, and potentially the chemis- try of surface lavas
Stochastic Inversion of P-to-S Converted Waves for Mantle Composition and Thermal Structure: Methodology and Application
We present a new methodology for inverting PâtoâS receiver function (RF) waveforms directly for mantle temperature and composition. This is achieved by interfacing the geophysical inversion with selfâconsistent mineral phase equilibria calculations from which rock mineralogy and its elastic properties are predicted as a function of pressure, temperature, and bulk composition. This approach anchors temperatures, composition, seismic properties, and discontinuities that are in mineral physics data, while permitting the simultaneous use of geophysical inverse methods to optimize models of seismic properties to match RF waveforms. Resultant estimates of transition zone (TZ) topography and volumetric seismic velocities are independent of tomographic models usually required for correcting for upper mantle structure. We considered two endâmember compositional models: the equilibrated equilibrium assemblage (EA) and the disequilibrated mechanical mixture (MM) models. Thermal variations were found to influence arrival times of computed RF waveforms, whereas compositional variations affected amplitudes of waves converted at the TZ discontinuities. The robustness of the inversion strategy was tested by performing a set of synthetic inversions in which crustal structure was assumed both fixed and variable. These tests indicate that unaccountedâfor crustal structure strongly affects the retrieval of mantle properties, calling for a twoâstep strategy presented herein to simultaneously recover both crustal and mantle parameters. As a proof of concept, the methodology is applied to data from two stations located in the Siberian and East European continental platforms.This work
was supported by a grant from the
Swiss National Science Foundation
(SNF project 200021_159907). B. T. was
funded by a Délégation CNRS and
Congé pour Recherches et Conversion
Thématique from the Université de
Lyon to visit the Research School of
Earth Sciences (RSES), The Australian
National University (ANU). B. T. has
received funding from the European
Unionâs Horizon 2020 research and
innovation programme under the
Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant
agreement 79382
Single Molecule Studies of Dynamics at Polymeric Film Interfaces
Filtration and separations play large roles in many industries yet no complete mechanistic interpretation of these phenomena exists. The development of experimental methods capable of characterizing dynamics at the single molecule level has opened the door to reexamining these heavily studied processes. By overcoming ensemble averaging mechanistic understandings that account for heterogeneities in these systems can be formulated. In this work, single molecule spectroscopic methods along with advanced particle tracking and localization algorithms are used to directly observe the interaction of single molecule probes with polymer films. The electrostatic contribution to interfacial interactions was evaluated by using the post-assembly tunability of polyelectrolyte multilayers and probes of varying charge. Multimodal transport mechanisms of protein interactions with functionalized nylon membranes were also discovered. Finally, the groundwork for a kinetic model of protein adsorption to a thin film was developed. A major conclusion was that even in ion-exchange systems in which electrostatic interactions are considered the most important variable, complex interactions between the adsorbents and the substrate are not insignificant in polymer membrane based systems. Additionally, interfacial transport in nearly all systems is characterized, not by 2 dimensional surface diffusion or activated hop diffusion, but by desorption mediated diffusion involving repeat adsorption events punctuated by periods of immobilization, the extent of which can be controlled using solution conditions
Photobleaching Lifetimes of Cyanine Fluorophores Used for Single Molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer in the Presence of Various Photoprotection Systems
We investigated various photoprotection system combinations to find the combination that optimally extended the photobleach lifetime of a Cy3/Cy5 smFRET pair attached to a DNA hairpin in a single-molecule environment. We found that the glucose/glucose oxygen-scavenging solution in combination with redox-based photostabilization solutions yielded the longest average photobleaching lifetime
Correction to âSingle-Molecule FRET Studies of HIV TAR-DNA Hairpin Unfolding Dynamicsâ
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Characterization of Porous Materials by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Super-resolution Optical Fluctuation Imaging.
Porous materials such as cellular cytosol, hydrogels, and block copolymers have nanoscale features that determine macroscale properties. Characterizing the structure of nanopores is difficult with current techniques due to imaging, sample preparation, and computational challenges. We produce a super-resolution optical image that simultaneously characterizes the nanometer dimensions of and diffusion dynamics within porous structures by correlating stochastic fluctuations from diffusing fluorescent probes in the pores of the sample, dubbed here as "fluorescence correlation spectroscopy super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging" or "fcsSOFI". Simulations demonstrate that structural features and diffusion properties can be accurately obtained at sub-diffraction-limited resolution. We apply our technique to image agarose hydrogels and aqueous lyotropic liquid crystal gels. The heterogeneous pore resolution is improved by up to a factor of 2, and diffusion coefficients are accurately obtained through our method compared to diffraction-limited fluorescence imaging and single-particle tracking. Moreover, fcsSOFI allows for rapid and high-throughput characterization of porous materials. fcsSOFI could be applied to soft porous environments such hydrogels, polymers, and membranes in addition to hard materials such as zeolites and mesoporous silica
Single-Molecule FRET Studies of HIV TARâDNA Hairpin Unfolding Dynamics
We directly measure the dynamics
of the HIV trans-activation response
(TAR)âDNA hairpin with multiple loops using single-molecule
FoÌrster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) methods. Multiple
FRET states are identified that correspond to intermediate melting
states of the hairpin. The stability of each intermediate state is
calculated from the smFRET data. The results indicate that hairpin
unfolding obeys a âfraying and peelingâ mechanism, and
evidence for the collapse of the ends of the hairpin during folding
is observed. These results suggest a possible biological function
for hairpin loops serving as additional fraying centers to increase
unfolding rates in otherwise stable systems. The experimental and
analytical approaches developed in this article provide useful tools
for studying the mechanism of multistate DNA hairpin dynamics and
of other general systems with multiple parallel pathways of chemical
reactions
Characterization of Porous Materials by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Super-resolution Optical Fluctuation Imaging
Porous materials such as cellular cytosol, hydrogels, and block copolymers have nanoscale features that determine macroscale properties. Characterizing the structure of nanopores is difficult with current techniques due to imaging, sample preparation, and computational challenges. We produce a super-resolution optical image that simultaneously characterizes the nanometer dimensions of and diffusion dynamics within porous structures by correlating stochastic fluctuations from diffusing fluorescent probes in the pores of the sample, dubbed here as âfluorescence correlation spectroscopy super-resolution optical fluctuation imagingâ or âfcsSOFIâ. Simulations demonstrate that structural features and diffusion properties can be accurately obtained at sub-diffraction-limited resolution. We apply our technique to image agarose hydrogels and aqueous lyotropic liquid crystal gels. The heterogeneous pore resolution is improved by up to a factor of 2, and diffusion coefficients are accurately obtained through our method compared to diffraction-limited fluorescence imaging and single-particle tracking. Moreover, fcsSOFI allows for rapid and high-throughput characterization of porous materials. fcsSOFI could be applied to soft porous environments such hydrogels, polymers, and membranes in addition to hard materials such as zeolites and mesoporous silica
Characterization of Porous Materials by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Super-resolution Optical Fluctuation Imaging
Variable Lysozyme Transport Dynamics on Oxidatively Functionalized Polystyrene Films
Tuning protein adsorption
dynamics at polymeric interfaces is of
great interest to many biomedical and material applications. Functionalization
of polymer surfaces is a common method to introduce application-specific
surface chemistries to a polymer interface. In this work, single-molecule
fluorescence microscopy is utilized to determine the adsorption dynamics
of lysozyme, a well-studied antibacterial protein, at the interface
of polystyrene oxidized via UV exposure and oxygen plasma and functionalized
by ligand grafting to produce varying degrees of surface hydrophilicity,
surface roughness, and induced oxygen content. Single-molecule tracking
indicates lysozyme loading capacities, and surface mobility at the
polymer interface is hindered as a result of all functionalization
techniques. Adsorption dynamics of lysozyme depend on the extent and
the specificity of the oxygen functionalities introduced to the polystyrene
surface. Hindered adsorption and mobility are dominated by hydrophobic
effects attributed to water hydration layer formation at the functionalized
polystyrene surfaces