Exploration des origines des anomalies de l'électrorétinogramme chez les patients atteints de maladies psychiatriques : des biomarqueurs potentiels des maladies du cerveau

L’un des principaux obstacles en psychiatrie est qu’il est difficile d’avoir accès directement au cerveau pour l’étudier et mieux comprendre la pathobiologie des maladies mentales. Il importe donc de développer des nouvelles approches pour investiguer indirectement les fonctions cérébrales. Puisque la rétine fait partie du système nerveux central, il a été suggéré que les fonctions rétiniennes mesurées par l’électrorétinographie (ERG) pourraient refléter les désordres neurochimiques retrouvés dans les troubles mentaux. En fait, plusieurs études ont démontré la présence d’anomalies de l’ERG qui pourraient servir de biomarqueurs chez des personnes atteintes ou à risque de troubles psychiatriques, dont le trouble affectif saisonnier (TAS) et la schizophrénie. Cependant, l’origine de ces anomalies demeure inconnue et l’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’explorer les origines moléculaires potentielles de ces déficits, et ce, grâce à des modèles animaux de maladies psychiatriques ou à l’utilisation d’un agent pharmacologique. De par leur implication reconnue dans les maladies psychiatriques, les molécules ciblées dans cette thèse sont la mélatonine, la dopamine centrale, la sérotonine centrale et la glycogène synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). La première étude de cette thèse démontre qu’un débalancement dans la sécrétion de mélatonine serait partiellement à l’origine des anomalies de l’ERG observées dans le TAS. Or, la deuxième étude de cette thèse vient compléter la précédente et démontre qu’il est plus probable que les anomalies de l’ERG retrouvées dans le TAS découlent d’une dysfonction de la neurotransmission sérotoninergique centrale et dopaminergique centrale qu’une altération dans la biodisponibilité des récepteurs dopaminergiques D1R et D2R. Ces études permettent de proposer un modèle multifactoriel qui expliquerait l’origine des anomalies de l’ERG observées dans le TAS. Quant à la troisième étude de cette thèse, elle démontre que la surexpression de GSK3, qui est un facteur de risque pour la schizophrénie et le trouble bipolaire, provoque la même anomalie de l’ERG que celle qui est observée chez les enfants à haut risque de développer l’une de ces maladies. Enfin, la quatrième étude démontre que GSK3 joue un rôle primordial dans la régulation de l’horloge biologique. En somme, cette thèse démontre que l’ERG s’avère un outil prometteur pour la recherche en psychiatrie.One of the major obstacles in psychiatry is the difficult access to the functioning brain to better understand the biological underpinning of brain disorders. There is a need to develop new approaches to study the neurological functions indirectly. Since the retina is part of the central nervous system, it had been suggested that retinal functions, as measured with the electroretinogram (ERG), may reflect the central dysfunctions reported in psychiatric disorders. In fact, several ERG anomalies, which may serve as biomarkers, have been observed in people with or at risk of psychiatric disorders, such as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and schizophrenia. However, the origins of these ERG anomalies remain elusive and the goal of this thesis is to explore the potential molecular underpinning of these ERG deficits with animal models of psychiatric disorders or the use of a pharmacological agent. Because of their well-described involvement in psychiatric disorders, the targeted molecules of the experiments presented in this thesis are melatonin, central dopamine, central serotonin and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). The first study demonstrates that a dysfunction in melatonin secretion may partially be involved in the ERG anomalies observed in people with SAD. The second study is a complement of the first one and reports that impairments in central serotonin and central dopamine neurotransmission are more likely to be involved in the ERG anomalies observed in patients with SAD than changes in the retinal bioavailability of dopamine receptors D1R and D2R. A multifactorial model of the ERG anomalies in people with SAD has been proposed according to the findings of these two previous studies. Moreover, the third study demonstrates that GSK3 overexpression, which is a risk factor for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, replicates the ERG anomaly reported in offspring at high genetic risk for these disorders. Finally, the fourth study demonstrates that GSK3 plays an important role in regulating the biological clock. Overall, this thesis suggests that ERG measurements represent a useful tool in psychiatric research

Mise en oeuvre de la nouvelle structure organisationnelle de contrôle routier Québec (CRQ)

Les administrations publiques vivent actuellement une période tumultueuse notamment en raison des contraintes budgétaires. Elles doivent continuellement tenter d'améliorer leur performance organisationnelle tout en diminuant leur budget. Les organisations sont donc parfois forcées de revoir complètement leur façon de faire afin d'augmenter leurs efficacités et efficiences, tout en maintenant un certain niveau de service aux citoyens. Depuis 2009, de nombreux rapports ont été déposés à Contrôle routier Québec (CRQ), notamment celui provenant du Vérificateur général du Québec qui a identifié l'absence de processus formel d'assurance qualité et de mécanismes de suivi permettant l'uniformité dans les activités des contrôleurs routiers. La Direction de la vérification interne et de l'évaluation des programmes de la SAAQ, quant à elle, dans son rapport, Inspecter en entreprise, note un manque d'uniformité dans les pratiques ainsi qu'une déficience dans le contrôle de la qualité des processus. Elle propose à l'organisation, entre autres, de revoir et de réviser le positionnement de la fonction d'inspection et d'enquête

Organizational Knowledge Translation Strategies for Allied Health Professionals in Traumatology Settings: A Realist Review Protocol.

Background Knowledge translation (KT) is an important means of improving the health service quality. Most research on the effectiveness of KT strategies has focused on individual strategies, i.e., those directly targeting the modification of allied health professionals’ knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, for example. In general, these strategies are moderately effective in changing practices (maximum 10% change). Effecting change in organizational contexts (e.g., change readiness, general and specific organizational capacity, organizational routines) is part of a promising new avenue to service quality improvement through the implementation of evidence-based practices. The objective of this study will be to identify why, how, and under what conditions organizational KT strategies have been shown to be effective or ineffective in changing the (a) knowledge, (b) attitudes, and (c) clinical behaviors of allied health professionals in traumatology settings. Methods This is a realist review protocol involving four iterative steps: (1) Initial theory formulation, (2) search for Evidence search, (3) knowledge extraction and synthesis, and (4) recommendations. We will search electronic databases such as PubMed, Embase, CINHAL, Cochrane Library, and Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science. The studies included will be those relating to the use of organizational KT strategies in trauma settings, regardless of study designs, published between January 1990 and October 2020, and presenting objective measures that demonstrate change in allied health professionals’ knowledge, attitudes, and clinical behaviors. Two independent reviewers will select, screen, and extract the data related to all relevant sources in order to refine or refute the context-mechanism-outcome (CMO) configurations developed in the initial theory and identify new CMO configurations. Discussion Using a systematic and rigorous method, this review will help guide decision-makers and researchers in choosing the best organizational strategies to optimize the implementation of evidence-based practices

Design and validation of a 63K genome-wide SNP-genotyping platform for caribou/reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)

Background Development of large single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays can make genomic data promptly available for conservation problematic. Medium and high-density panels can be designed with sufficient coverage to offer a genome-wide perspective and the generated genotypes can be used to assess different genetic metrics related to population structure, relatedness, or inbreeding. SNP genotyping could also permit sexing samples with unknown associated metadata as it is often the case when using non-invasive sampling methods favored for endangered species. Genome sequencing of wild species provides the necessary information to design such SNP arrays. We report here the development of a SNP-array for endangered Rangifer tarandus using a multi-platform sequencing approach from animals found in diverse populations representing the entire circumpolar distribution of the species. Results From a very large comprehensive catalog of SNPs detected over the entire sample set (N = 894), a total of 63,336 SNPs were selected. SNP selection accounted for SNPs evenly distributed across the entire genome (~ every 50Kb) with known minor alleles across populations world-wide. In addition, a subset of SNPs was selected to represent rare and local alleles found in Eastern Canada which could be used for ecotype and population assignments - information urgently needed for conservation planning. In addition, heterozygosity from SNPs located in the X-chromosome and genotyping call-rate of SNPs located into the SRY gene of the Y-chromosome yielded an accurate and robust sexing assessment. All SNPs were validated using a high-throughput SNP-genotyping chip. Conclusion This design is now integrated into the first genome-wide commercially available genotyping platform for Rangifer tarandus. This platform would pave the way to future genomic investigation of populations for this endangered species, including estimation of genetic diversity parameters, population assignments, as well as animal sexing from genetic SNP data for non-invasive samples

Blocking TGF-β signaling pathway preserves mitochondrial proteostasis and reduces early activation of PDGFRβ+ pericytes in aristolochic acid induced acute kidney injury in wistar male rats

The platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ)+ perivascular cell activation becomes increasingly recognized as a main source of scar-associated kidney myofibroblasts and recently emerged as a new cellular therapeutic target.In this regard, we first confirmed the presence of PDGFRβ+ perivascular cells in a human case of end-stage aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) and thereafter we focused on the early fibrosis events of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) inhibition in a rat model of AAN.Neutralizing anti-TGFβ antibody (1D11) and its control isotype (13C4) were administered (5 mg/kg, i.p.) at Days -1, 0, 2 and 4; AA (15 mg/kg, sc) was injected daily.At Day 5, 1D11 significantly suppressed p-Smad2/3 signaling pathway improving renal function impairment, reduced the score of acute tubular necrosis, peritubular capillaritis, interstitial inflammation and neoangiogenesis. 1D11 markedly decreased interstitial edema, disruption of tubular basement membrane loss of brush border, cytoplasmic edema and organelle ultrastructure alterations (mitochondrial disruption and endoplasmic reticulum edema) in proximal tubular epithelial cells. Moreover, 1D11 significantly inhibited p-PERK activation and attenuated dysregulation of unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial proteostasis in vivo and in vitro.The early inhibition of p-Smad2/3 signaling pathway improved acute renal function impairment, partially prevented epithelial-endothelial axis activation by maintaining PTEC proteostasis and reduced early PDGFRβ+ pericytes-derived myofibroblasts accumulation

The Electroretinogram as a Biomarker of Central Dopamine and Serotonin: Potential Relevance to Psychiatric Disorders

Dysfunctions in brain dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission are believed to be involved in the etiology of psychiatric disorders, and electroretinogram (ERG) anomalies have been reported in psychiatric patients. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether ERG anomalies could result from central dopamine or serotonin dysfunctions or from changes in the retinal bioavailability of these neurotransmitters. Photopic and scotopic ERGs were recorded in R439H tryptophan hydroxylase 2 knockin (Tph2-KI) mice that have an approximately 80% decrease in brain serotonin and dopamine transporter knockout (DAT-KO) mice showing a fivefold increase in brain extracellular dopamine. Dopamine and serotonin retinal and striatal tissue content were also measured. The role of dopamine D1 receptors (D1R) and D2 receptors (D2R) in the ERG responses was evaluated in D1R-KO and D2R-KO mice. An increase in photopic b-wave implicit time was observed in Tph2-KI mice (wildtype = 24.25 msec, KI = 25.22 msec; p = .011). The DAT-KO mice showed a decrease in rod sensitivity (wildtype =−1.97 log units, KO =−1.81 log units; p = .014). In contrast to remarkable alterations in brain levels, no changes in dopamine and serotonin retinal content were found in DAT-KO and Tph2-KI mice, respectively. The D1R-KO mice showed anomalies in photopic and scotopic maximal amplitude, whereas D2R-KO mice showed higher oscillatory potentials relative contribution to the b-wave amplitude. Alterations in central dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission can affect the ERG responses. The ERG anomalies reported in psychiatric disorders might serve as biomarkers of central monoaminergic dysfunction, thus promoting ERG measurements as a useful tool in psychiatric research

Total Synthesis, Isolation, Surfactant Properties, and Biological Evaluation of Ananatosides and Related Macrodilactone-Containing Rhamnolipids

Rhamnolipids are a specific class of microbial surfactants, which hold great biotechnological and therapeutic potential. However, their exploitation at the industrial level is hampered because they are mainly produced by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The non-human pathogenic bacterium Pantoea ananatis is an alternative producer of rhamnolipid-like metabolites containing glucose instead of rhamnose residues. Herein, we present the isolation, structural characterization, and total synthesis of ananatoside A, a 15-membered macrodilactone-containing glucolipid, and ananatoside B, its open-chain congener, from organic extracts of P. ananatis. Ananatoside A was synthesized through three alternative pathways involving either an intramolecular glycosylation, a chemical macrolactonization or a direct enzymatic transformation from ananatoside B. A series of diasteroisomerically pure (1®2), (1®3), and (1®4)-macrolactonized rhamnolipids were also synthesized through intramolecular glycosylation and their anomeric configurations as well as ring conformations were solved using molecular modeling in tandem with NMR studies. We show that ananatoside B is a more potent surfactant than its macrolide counterpart. We present evidence that macrolactonization of rhamnolipids enhances their cytotoxic and hemolytic potential, pointing towards a mechanism involving the formation of pores into the lipidic cell membrane. Lastly, we demonstrate that ananatoside A and ananatoside B as well as synthetic macrolactonized rhamnolipids can be perceived by the plant immune system, and that this sensing is more pronounced for a macrolide featuring a rhamnose moiety in its native 1C4 conformation. Altogether our results prove that macrolactonization of glycolipids can dramatically interfere with their surfactant properties and biological activity.</p