Verenottopussin logistiikka taloudellisesta näkökulmasta - Case: Veripalvelu

Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on kuvata Veripalvelun materiaalivaraston päänimikettä eli verenottopussia ja sen logistiikkaa taloudellisesta näkökulmasta. Tarkoituksena on selvittää päänimikkeestä aiheutuvat välilliset kustannukset, sekä kuvata verenottopussin liikeprosessia sekä fyysisesti että kirjanpidollisesti. Tavoitteena tutkimuksessa on selvittää, minkälaisia välillisiä kustannuksia päänimikkeestä syntyy Veripalvelulle, sekä vertailla kustannusten tasoa tunnuslukujen avulla ajallisesti ja toimialakohtaisesti. Käytännössä perehdyin ensiksi logistiikan ja taloushallinnon teoriaan, minkä pohjalta laadin alustavan projektisuunnitelman verenottopussin kuvaamisesta taloudellisesta näkökulmasta. Projektin edetessä muokkasin suunnitelmaa niin, että kaikki verenottopussiin liittyvät näkökulmat taloudelliselta kannalta tulisi mukaan tarkasteluun. Kun suunnitelma oli valmis, haastattelin vielä yrityksen logistiikan sekä taloushallinnon asiantuntijoita. Haastattelujen tuloksena selvisi Veripalvelun tapa suorittaa verenottopussiin liittyviä hankinta- ja varastointiprosesseja sekä niistä aiheutuvia kustannuksia. Näitä verrattiin kirjallisuudessa kuvattuihin käytäntöihin. Projektin edetessä selvisi, että logistiikan kustannusvaikutuksia on monia erilaisia ja niitä voidaan havaita Veripalvelun jokaisella osa-alueella. Projektin onnistumisen kannalta oli tärkeää, että projektin tarkoitus ja tavoitteet olivat alusta asti selkeitä niin tekijälle kuin tutkittavalle yrityksellekin. Projektin seurannan tärkeyttä ei myöskään voitu korostaa tarpeeksi, jotta olisi mahdollista saada kokoon johdonmukainen, vain tutkimuksen aihetta käsittelevä, onnistunut kokonaisuus. Koska projekti toteutettiin osin haastatteluiden avulla, oli tärkeää, että haastattelija ymmärsi tutkittavaa aihetta riittävästi jo ennen haastatteluja. Oleellista oli myös se, että aikataulu laadittiin yhdessä yrityksen projektiin liittyvien henkilöiden kanssa. Näin varmistuttiin siitä, että he olivat aina tarvittaessa tavoitettavissa. Projekti oli kaiken kaikkiaan onnistunut kokonaisuus. Veripalvelun asiantuntijat olivat erittäin avuliaita ja yhteistyökykyisiä. Opinnäytetyöstä tuli johdonmukainen, helposti ymmärrettävä ja sen tarkoitus ja tavoite saatiin toteutettua.A financial perspective on the use of blood bags for the Finnish Red Cross Blood Service The purpose of this Bachelor´s thesis is to describe the main product of the materials ware-house of the Blood Service, which is the blood bag. The main focus was to define all the indi-rect costs incurred by this product and to consolidate the blood bag process both physically and financially. The main objective of this thesis is to compare all the indirect costs in terms of time and field of use. The thesis provides a discussion of logistics theory and accounting, which offers a framework for a description of the use of the blood bag from the financial perspective. During the pro-cess, the thesis plan was modified so that every financial aspect would be included in the fi-nal thesis. In addition, interviews with experts from the logistics and accounting departments of the Finnish Red Cross Blood Service were conducted. As a result of the interviews infor-mation was obtained regarding the methods employed by the Blood Service to accomplish the purchasing and stocking processes and the extent of the costs those processes incur. The re-sults were then compared to the practice suggested by the logistics and accounting theory. During the process it became clear that both logistics and accounting were able to yield in-teresting and relevant insights. For example, the importance of logistics is visible in every department in the Blood Service. In addition, new cost areas were revealed that may have been less obvious. From the outset of the thesis it was important that both the author and Blood Service were familiar with the purpose and objective of the project in order to accomplish a successful re-search. In addition, careful monitoring of the project was important to ensure a logical and successful outcome. Since the thesis was partly produced by using interview methods it was also necessary for the interviewer to be familiar with the subject prior to the interviews. In addition, it was important that the schedule was made together with the people involved in the research so that they would be available if they were needed. All in all, the entire project was a success. All of the experts at the Finnish Red Cross Blood Service were very helpful and cooperative. The results of the research were logical, easy to understand and its purpose was fulfilled successfully

SOM clustering of 21-year data of a small pristine boreal lake

In order to improve our understanding of the connections between the biological processes and abiotic factors, we clustered complex long-term ecological data with the self-organizing map (SOM) technique. The available 21-year long (1990–2010) data set from a small pristine humic lake, in southern Finland, consisted of 27 meteorological, physical, chemical, and biological variables. The SOM grouped the data into three categories of which the first one was the largest with 12 variables, including metabolic processes, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen and phosphorus, chlorophyll a, and taxonomical groups of plankton known to exist in spring. The second cluster comprised of water temperature and precipitation together with cyanobacteria, algae, rotifers, and crustacean zooplankton, an association emphasized with summer. The third cluster was consisted of six physical and chemical variables linked to autumn, and to the effects of inflow and/or water column mixing. SOM is a useful method for grouping the variables of such a large multi-dimensional data set, especially, when the purpose is to draw comprehensive conclusions rather than to search for associations across sporadic variables. Sampling should minimize the number of missing values. Even flexible statistical techniques, such as SOM, are vulnerable to biased results due to incomplete data.Peer reviewe

Heat balance of supraglacial lakes in the western Dronning Maud Land

Thermodynamics of a seasonal supraglacial lake were examined based on field data from three summers. At maximum, the lake body consisted of an upper layer with thin ice on top, and a lower layer with slush, hard ice and sediment at the bottom. Sublimation from the upper ice surface averaged to 0.7 mm d(-1), and melting in the ice interior averaged to 9.1 mm d(-1) during summer. Albedo was on average 0.6 and light attenuation coefficient was similar to 1 m(-1). Averaged over December and January, and over 3 different years, we found that the net solar heating was 137 W m(-2), while the losses averaged to 62 W m(-2) for the longwave radiation, 16 Wm(-2) for the sensible heat flux, 24 W m(-2) for the latent heat flux and 3 W m(-2) for the bottom flux. The depth scale is determined by the light attenuation distance and thermal diffusion coefficient, and the net liquid water volume ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 m in different years. The potential winter growth is more than summer melting, and thus the lake freezes up completely in winter in the present climate.Peer reviewe

CDOM variations in Finnish lakes and rivers between 1913 and 2014

In lakes and rivers, the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) are closely related. We analysed three large spectrophotometer data sets of Finnish inland waters from the years 1913–1914, 1913–1931 and 2014 for long-term changes in optical properties. The first data set consists of absorption spectra in the band 467–709 nm of 212 filtered water samples, the second one contains 11– 19 years of data for seven rivers, and the third one contains 153 sites with high resolution spectra over the band 200–750 nm. These data sets were supplemented with more recent monitoring data of DOC. The sites represent typical optical inland water types of north-eastern Europe. The results did not show any consistent large-scale changes in CDOM concentrations over the 101-year time period. The statistics of the absorption coefficients in 1913 and 2014 were almost identical, at 467 nm they were 1.9 ± 1.0 m−1 in 1913 and 1.7 ± 1.2 m−1 in 2014, and the shape of the CDOM absorption spectrum was unchanged, proportional to exp(–S·λ), S = 0.011 nm−1 and λ is wavelength. Catchment properties, primarily lake and peat-land percentages, explained 50% of the variation of CDOM concentration in the lakes, and hydrological conditions explained 50% of the variation of CDOM in the rivers. Both illustrate the importance of catchments and hydrology to CDOM concentrations of boreal inland waters.Peer reviewe

Physics and geochemistry of lakes in Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land

Shallow Antarctic surface lakes belong to the most extreme aquatic environments on the Earth. In Vestfjella, proglacial surface lakes and ponds are characterized by a 2-5 month long period with liquid water and depths <2 m. We give a detailed description of nine seasonal lakes and ponds situating at three nunataqs (Basen, Plogen and Fossilryggen) in western Dronning Maud Land. Their physical and geochemical properties are provided based on observations in four summers. Three main 'lake categories' were found: 1) supraglacial lakes, 2) epiglacial ponds and 3) nunataq ponds. Category 3 lakes can be divided into two subgroups with regards to whether the meltwater source is glacial or just seasonal snow patches. Supraglacial lakes are ultra-oligotrophic (electrical conductivity <10 mu S cm(-1), pH <7), while in epiglacial ponds the concentrations of dissolved and suspended matter and trophic status vary over a wide range (electrical conductivity 20-110 mu S cm(-1), pH 6-9). In nunataq ponds, the maxima were an electrical conductivity of 1042 mu S cm(-1)and a pH of 10.1, and water temperature may have wide diurnal and day-to-day fluctuations (maximum 9.3 degrees C) because snowfall, snow drift and sublimation influence the net solar irradiance.Peer reviewe

Preface to the Special Issue “Integrated Monitoring in the Valkea-Kotinen Catchment during 1990–2009 : Abiotic and Biotic Responses to Changes in Air Pollution and Climate”

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Long-Term (2001–2020) Nutrient Transport from a Small Boreal Agricultural Watershed: Hydrological Control and Potential of Retention Ponds

Agriculture contributes significantly to phosphorus and nitrogen loading in southern Finland. Climate change with higher winter air temperatures and precipitation may also promote loading increase further. We analyzed long-term nutrient trends (2001–2020) based on year-round weekly water sampling and daily weather data from a boreal small agricultural watershed. In addition, nutrient retention was studied in a constructed sedimentation pond system for two years. We did not find any statistically significant trends in weather conditions (temperature, precipitation, discharge, snow depth) except for an increase in discharge in March. Increasing trends in annual concentrations were found for nitrate, phosphate, and total phosphorus and total nitrogen. In fact, phosphate concentration increased in every season and nitrate concentration in other seasons except in autumn. Total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations increased in winter as well and total phosphorus also in summer. Increasing annual loading trend was found for total phosphorus, phosphate, and nitrate. Increasing winter loading was found for nitrate and total nitrogen, but phosphate loading increased in winter, spring, and summer. In the pond system, annual retention of total nitrogen was 1.9–4.8% and that of phosphorus 4.3–6.9%. In addition, 25–40% of suspended solids was sedimented in the ponds. Our results suggest that even small ponds can be utilized to decrease nutrient and material transport, but their retention efficiency varies between years. We conclude that nutrient loading from small boreal agricultural catchments, especially in wintertime, has already increased and is likely to increase even further in the future due to climate change. Thus, the need for new management tools to reduce loading from boreal agricultural lands becomes even more acute

Spatial statistics of hydrography and water chemistry in a eutrophic boreal lake based on sounding and water samples

Spatial variability, an essential characteristic of lake ecosystems, has often been neglected in field research and monitoring. In this study, we apply spatial statistical methods for the key physics and chemistry variables and chlorophyll a over eight sampling dates in two consecutive years in a large (area 103 km(2)) eutrophic boreal lake in southern Finland. In the four summer sampling dates, the water body was vertically and horizontally heterogenic except with color and DOC, in the two winter ice-covered dates DO was vertically stratified, while in the two autumn dates, no significant spatial differences in any of the measured variables were found. Chlorophyll a concentration was one order of magnitude lower under the ice cover than in open water. The Moran statistic for spatial correlation was significant for chlorophyll a and NO2+NO3-N in all summer situations and for dissolved oxygen and pH in three cases. In summer, the mass centers of the chemicals were within 1.5 km from the geometric center of the lake, and the 2nd moment radius ranged in 3.7-4.1 km respective to 3.9 km for the homogeneous situation. The lateral length scales of the studied variables were 1.5-2.5 km, about 1 km longer in the surface layer. The detected spatial "noise" strongly suggests that besides vertical variation also the horizontal variation in eutrophic lakes, in particular, should be considered when the ecosystems are monitored.Peer reviewe

Nitrogen Release in Pristine and Drained Peat Profiles in Response to Water Table Fluctuations : A Mesocosm Experiment

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DOC and CO2-C Releases from Pristine and Drained Peat Soils in Response to Water Table Fluctuations: A Mesocosm Experiment

Peer reviewe