On Assessing Trustworthy AI in Healthcare. Machine Learning as a Supportive Tool to Recognize Cardiac Arrest in Emergency Calls

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to greatly improve the delivery of healthcare and other services that advance population health and wellbeing. However, the use of AI in healthcare also brings potential risks that may cause unintended harm. To guide future developments in AI, the High-Level Expert Group on AI set up by the European Commission (EC), recently published ethics guidelines for what it terms “trustworthy” AI. These guidelines are aimed at a variety of stakeholders, especially guiding practitioners toward more ethical and more robust applications of AI. In line with efforts of the EC, AI ethics scholarship focuses increasingly on converting abstract principles into actionable recommendations. However, the interpretation, relevance, and implementation of trustworthy AI depend on the domain and the context in which the AI system is used. The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate how to use the general AI HLEG trustworthy AI guidelines in practice in the healthcare domain. To this end, we present a best practice of assessing the use of machine learning as a supportive tool to recognize cardiac arrest in emergency calls. The AI system under assessment is currently in use in the city of Copenhagen in Denmark. The assessment is accomplished by an independent team composed of philosophers, policy makers, social scientists, technical, legal, and medical experts. By leveraging an interdisciplinary team, we aim to expose the complex trade-offs and the necessity for such thorough human review when tackling socio-technical applications of AI in healthcare. For the assessment, we use a process to assess trustworthy AI, called 1Z-Inspection® to identify specific challenges and potential ethical trade-offs when we consider AI in practice.</jats:p

La contribución de la bioética en femenino a la praxis del cuidado

[ES] Sobre la base de la distinción entre bioética feminista y femenina, en el nivel de los supuestos teóricos y de la teoría, el artículo se ocupa de la noción de cuidado y del uso de esta noción en el ámbito de la bioética. A partir del análisis psicológico y moral de C. Gilligan, la autora considera la bioética del cuidado un nuevo paradigma en el ámbito del debate actual, junto a otros enfoques como son el contractualismo, el utilitarismo, la bioética de principios. El cuidado propone un modelo que se refiere a las relaciones, en condiciones de asimetría y de falta de reciprocidad: el cuidado está arraigado en una actitud interior, que implica también empatía (además de racionalidad), así como un compromiso activo, que se traduce en conducta o acción concreta, en situaciones y contextos específicos de experiencia cotidiana. Se examinan también las críticas a la noción de cuidado, con objeto de verificar, de modo crítico, la relevancia actual del debate bioético y la contribución que puede hacer a nivel teórico y práctico.[EN] The article distinguishes between feminist bioethics and feminine bioethics on the level of philosophical premises and theory, underlining the concept of care and the use of the concept in bioethics. Referring to the psycho-moral analysis of C. Gilligan, the author considers care bioethics as a new paradigm, among others in actual bioethical debate (such as Contractualism, Utilitarianism, Principialism). Care bioethics proposes a theoretical model that refers to relation in condition of non symmetry and non reciprocity. Care means the possession of an interior disposal which refers to empathy (besides rationality) and active engagement which become behaviour and concrete action, in particular context of everyday experience. The article examines the objections to the concept of care in order to verify, on critical level, the present relevance in bioethical debate and the contribution that it can give on theoretical and practical level

Il principio di precauzione tra filosofia, biodiritto e biopolitica

Le nuove trasformazioni dell'esperienza nella civiltà tecnologica stanno aprendo prospettive affascinanti ed inquietanti allo stesso tempo: la possibilità di intervenire sulla realtà naturale, sull'ambiente, sulla vita umana oggi è incommensurabile rispetto al passato, anche recente. Ciò dischiude nuove frontiere che potrebbero portare notevoli vantaggi all'uomo ed all'ambiente, ma che configurano anche la possibilità di condizionare, in misura diretta o indiretta, la salute e la stessa sopravvivvenza dell'uomo, della società e dell'ambiente in generale (dall'Introduzione al volume)