Indigenous Legal Methodologies And Water Governance In Canada

Canada has a firmly established bijuridical system, which formally recognizes two distinct legal systems and demands adherence to these laws by individuals, organizations and institutions within its jurisdictions. In recent years, however, there has been emerging scholarship that details the Indigenous legal orders that have existed and continue to exist in Indigenous communities across the country. The legacy of colonial oppression has attempted to erode and delegitimize these legal orders, but many of the deeply embedded laws and legal traditions have been passed down through generations and continue to be relevant and respected in communities. Indigenous legal scholars and community practitioners who write and practice Indigenous law have called for an acknowledgement, revitalization and respect for these laws both within their communities and also by the broader Canadian political and legal landscape. It has only been recently that colonial governments have begun to express interest in bringing these laws into the fold of the Canadian legal system, and most recently the Ontario government has put out a call for proposals to Indigenous communities to begin the process of revitalizing and codifying their laws. This paper will attempt to help communities responding to this call by examining several of the methodologies that currently exist for uncovering and understanding Indigenous laws in Canada and will analyze some applications along with the similarities and differences between them. It will place these methodologies within the context of existing Anishinaabe knowledge on water laws as well as the current frameworks of policy and legislation that exist for water issues in Canada. This paper will then conclude with some recommendations for going forward with the work of revitalizing Indigenous Law in Canada

Analysis of textile impressions from pottery of the Selkirk composite

The boreal forest regions of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are characterized by Late Woodland period archaeological assemblages. Although the pottery associated with these assemblages exhibit textile impressed exteriors, little is known about the associated textile industry. In part, this is due to the lack of archaeological textiles. In order to describe the textile structures employed by these people, it is necessary to study their textile-impressed pottery. Two complexes within the Selkirk Composite, Pehonan/Keskatchewan and Kame Hills are known through several intensively excavated sites and a large number of pottery recoveries. Using textile attribute studies, data on 47 impressed vessels from 17 sites were collected. Supplemented by ethnographic and historical reports from neighbouring regions, textile structures are identified for both complexes. The most represented textile structure is twining. These identified structures verify the homogeneity of the Selkirk Composite. There are enough structural variations, however, to support the regional expressions of each complex. The impressed textiles are utilitarian in nature and played an integral part in pottery manufacture. Selkirk potters were expert craftpersons. This is reflected in their pottery and in the way they employed the textiles. Although the analysis is limited to textiles used in pottery construction, cursory textile comparisons indicate the Selkirk textiles have more similarity to those produced historically by Algonquians to the south

Integrating Appreciative Inquiry (AI) into architectural pedagogy : an assessment experiment of three retrofitted buildings in the city of Glasgow

Recently there has been a growing trend to encourage learning outside the classrooms, so-called ‘universities without walls.’ To this end, mechanisms for learning beyond the boundaries of classroom settings can provide enhanced and challenging learning opportunities. This paper introduces Appreciative Inquiry (AI) as a mechanism that integrates various forms of inquiry into learning. AI is operationalized as a Walking Tour assessment project which was introduced as part of the class Cultural and Behavioural Factors in Architecture and Urbanism delivered at the Department of Architecture, University of Strathclyde – Glasgow where thirty-two Master of Architecture students were enrolled. The Walking Tour assessment involved the exploration of 6 factors that delineate key design characteristics in three retrofitted buildings in Glasgow: Theatre Royal, Reid Building, and The Lighthouse. Working in groups, students assessed factors that included context, massing, interface, wayfinding, socio-spatial, and comfort. Findings reveal that students were able to focus on critical issues that go beyond those adopted in traditional teaching practices while accentuating the value of introducing AI and utilizing the built environment as an educational medium. Conclusions are drawn to emphasize the need for structured learning experiences that enable making judgments about building qualities while effectively interrogating various characteristics

Estudio de mecanismos de bloqueo en personas con rosácea : investigación desde el enfoque Gestalt en una población uruguaya de adultos jóvenes

La presente investigación identifica los mecanismos de bloqueo desde el enfoque Gestalt, en personas adultos jóvenes con diagnóstico de Rosácea. Estas son atendidas en el servicio de Dermatología del Hospital de Clínicas de Montevideo y de la Asociación Española. Para tener un parámetro de comparación se evalúan donantes de sangre potencialmente sanos, grupo control, que asisten al servicio de Hemoterapia del mismo Hospital. Para la evaluación de los mecanismos mencionados se diseña una investigación cuantitativa y se utiliza el instrumento Test de Psicodiagnóstico Gestalt (Salama, H. 2002). Se distinguen los mecanismos de bloqueo Postergación y Fijación correlacionados a la Rosácea y los aspectos psicológicos correspondientes. Se concluye que en el grupo estudiado aparece la tendencia a la satisfacción de la necesidad de reposo y relajación, a la satisfacción de la necesidad de independencia, autodependencia y autosoporte y otra más marcada a la posibilidad de sentir, asimilar e integrar las experiencias. En función de la comprensión de estos resultados se proponen algunos parámetros que posibilitan diseñar estrategias psicoterapéuticas adecuadas para las personas que padecen esta enfermedad

Investigating the susceptibility of laboratory-generated bacterial aerosols to antimicrobial 405 nm light

Airborne transmission of infectious organisms is a major concern within the healthcare environment. A number of methods for 'whole room' decontamination, such as antimicrobial 405nm light, are being developed, and it is important that efficacy against airborne, as well as surface-deposited contamination is established. This study demonstrates evidence of the dose-response kinetics of airborne bacterial contamination when exposed to 405nm light. Aerosols of Staphylococcus epidermids, generated using a 6-Jet Collison nebuliser, were introduced into an aerosol chamber designed to maintain prolonged airborne suspension and circulation. Aerosolized bacteria were exposed to increasing doses of 405nm light, and air samples were extracted from the chamber using a BioSampler liquid impinger, with viability analysed using pour plate culture. Initial results have demonstrated successful aerosol inactivation, with a 98.4% reduction (1.8 log10 reduction) achieved with 1-hour exposure to low irradiance 405nm light (P=<0.001). Natural decay of the suspended aerosol was observed, however this was significantly less than achieved with light treatment (P=0.004). Inactivation using ultraviolet (UV) light was also investigated in order to quantify the comparative efficacy of these antimicrobial light regions.Overall, results have provided early evidence of the susceptibility of bacterial aerosols to antimicrobial 405 nm light. Although less germicidally efficient than UV-light, the benefits of 405 nm light in terms of increased safety for human exposure, provide advantages for a number of applications, including continuous 'whole room' environmental decontamination, where reducing levels of airborne bacteria should contribute to reducing infections arising from airborne contamination

The imagined and the experienced - contrasting realities in the Riverside museum of Glasgow

Effective buildings or urban environments require diverse qualities that can be framed conceptually under two symbiotic concepts: the imagined and the experienced. Understanding these two principal aspects of space allows development of insights elucidating important aspects of its production and reproduction. Adopting a Lefebvrian point of view, this paper examines these two different but related types of space — the conceived (imagined), and the perceived and the lived (experienced) — as they relate to Zaha Hadid’s Riverside Museum in Glasgow, winner of the 2013 European Museum of the Year Award. While these spaces have been thoroughly explored in the contemporary urban literature (at the urban scale), they have been overlooked within architectural discourse (at the architectural scale). Operationally defined, imagined space is that theorized by architects and designers — their beliefs and visions for creating a desired spatial reality. Yet, another spatial reality must be considered relevant: the experienced space that involves socio-spatial practice, including the unconscious, nonverbal direct relation between people and space. This is the space that is occupied through associated images and symbols. Building on these conceptions of space, the paper hypothesizes that projects promoted by governments or local municipalities and covered heavily (or celebrated) in the media do not necessarily meet program requirements, user expectations, or simple human needs with regard to the built environment. Examining this postulation through the contrasting realities of the imagined and the experienced spaces of the Riverside Museum, the paper utilizes a comprehensive approach to inquiry that involves a juxtaposition of two layers. The first is an analysis of the imagined space as portrayed in the architect's conceptual design statements and the critical writings on the project. The second is exclusively focused on the experienced space and involves an experiential assessment study encompassing a wide spectrum of methodical procedures. These include contemplation of selected settings, examination of emotional experiences, the creation of behavioral maps showing the use of the museum, and a procedure for walking tour assessment. While the investigation maintains an objective view of the imagined and the experienced, key findings suggest incongruity between the two, where a number of qualities relevant to the experienced space do not seem to have been met. In essence, the experienced seems to be an outcome of a nonresponsive imagined. The paper suggests that lived or experienced space is mostly subjective. It thus involves the actual experience of individuals, which is performed as an outcome of the imagined. While the case addresses one specific or unique museum project, implications can be advanced with in-depth narratives and articulations on a better and more effective compatibility between the imagined and the experienced

Towards a context specific and multidimensional quality of urban life model

With the majority of people living in cities it has become increasingly important to examine the relationship between the qualities and characteristics of an urban setting and the perceived satisfaction of its users. Discourses on Quality of Urban life (QOUL) show that the preponderance of existing empirical studies and measurement frameworks have been developed based on Western case studies or standards. Rapid urbanisation of cities in Africa and Asia, however, has dramatically impacted the use of space, and in many cases has resulted in intense urban transformations that impacted communities. This prompts questions about the quality of life (QOL) of residents and the liveability of their environments. Thus, this research argues that although there are many aspects of urban life that are pan-cultural, there are also culture specific features that make urban life unique in each city or setting. Consequently, QOUL studies should balance universal values and context-specificities. Following identification and critique of QOUL models, the paper calls for a new model to examine context specificities. The model aims to highlight the important role that context and culture play in urban life while underscoring the relevant core dimensions of QOUL studies

"It's not healthy and it's decidedly not masculine": a media analysis of UK newspaper representations of eating disorders in males

Objectives: Recent qualitative research found young men reporting that an expectation that eating disorders (EDs) mainly affect young women led them, and others, to only recognise their symptoms when their ED had become entrenched. This raises questions about how these stereotypes persist. We therefore explored how EDs in males were represented in articles published in UK newspapers over a 10-year period (7.12.2002-7.12.2012), specifically attending to whether newsprint media represent EDs in males as 'gender appropriate', 'gender anomalous' or 'gender neutral'.    Design: A qualitative thematic analysis of UK newspaper articles.  Methods: We searched two databases, Newsbank and LexisNexis, for newspaper articles including ED and male terms in the lead/first paragraph. Following de-duplication, 420 articles were scrutinised; 138 met inclusion criteria for detailed textual analysis and were imported into NVivo10.  Findings: The number of articles peaked in 2008 when a UK politician announced that he had experienced bulimia nervosa. Analysis of how the articles portrayed male ED-related characterisations and experiences revealed that they conveyed ambiguous messages about EDs in males. Despite apparently aiming to dispel stereotypes that only young women experience EDs and to address stigma surrounding EDs in males, many aspects of the articles, including repetition of phrases such as 'a young woman's illness', serve to reinforce messages that EDs are inherently 'female' and so 'anomalous' for men.  Conclusions: Newspaper articles represent men with EDs as atypical of men, as a result of having an ED (and any feminising or demasculinising characteristics associated with this), and as atypical of people with EDs, who are still usually portrayed as teenage girls. Such media representations frame a cultural paradigm in which there is an expectation that men may feel shame about or strive to conceal EDs, potentially contributing to men with EDs delaying help-seeking, gaining late access to treatments and reducing chances of successful outcomes

Efficacy of antimicrobial 405 nm blue-light for inactivation of airborne bacteria

Airborne transmission of infectious organisms is a considerable concern within the healthcare environment. A number of novel methods for ‘whole room’ decontamination, including antimicrobial 405 nm blue light, are being developed. To date, research has focused on its effects against surface-deposited contamination; however, it is important to also establish its efficacy against airborne bacteria. This study demonstrates evidence of the dose-response kinetics of airborne bacterial contamination when exposed to 405 nm light and compares bacterial susceptibility when exposed in three different media: air, liquid and surfaces. Bacterial aerosols of Staphylococcus epidermidis, generated using a 6-Jet Collison nebulizer, were introduced into an aerosol suspension chamber. Aerosolized bacteria were exposed to increasing doses of 405 nm light, and air samples were extracted from the chamber using a BioSampler liquid impinger, with viability analysed using pour-plate culture. Results have demonstrated successful aerosol inactivation, with a 99.1% reduction achieved with a 30 minute exposure to high irradiance (22 mWcm-2) 405 nm light (P=0.001). Comparison to liquid and surface exposures proved bacteria to be 3-4 times more susceptible to 405 nm light inactivation when in aerosol form. Overall, results have provided fundamental evidence of the susceptibility of bacterial aerosols to antimicrobial 405 nm light treatment, which offers benefits in terms of increased safety for human exposure, and eradication of microbes regardless of antibiotic resistance. Such benefits provide advantages for a number of applications including ‘whole room’ environmental decontamination, in which reducing levels of airborne bacteria should reduce the number of infections arising from airborne contamination

Pulsed ultraviolet light decontamination of artificially-generated microbiological aerosols

Airborne transmission of infectious organisms is a major public health concern, particularly within healthcare and communal public environments. Methods of environmental decontamination utilising pulsed ultraviolet (UV) light are currently available, however it is important that germicidal efficacy against airborne contamination is established. This study demonstrates evidence of the dose-response kinetics of airborne bacterial contamination when exposed to pulsed UV-rich (PUV) light. Bacterial aerosols (Staphylococcus epidermidis) were generated using a 6-Jet Collison nebuliser, and introduced into a custom-designed aerosol chamber which enabled prolonged airborne suspension and circulation. Bacterial aerosols were exposed to short duration pulses (~20 µs) of UV-rich light emitted from a xenon-filled flashlamp. The lamp was operated using a 1 kV solid–state pulsed power source, with a pulse frequency of 1 Hz, and output energy of 20 J/pulse. Post-treatment, air samples were extracted from the chamber using a BioSampler liquid impinger, and the surviving fraction was enumerated using standard microbiological culture methods. Results demonstrate successful aerosol inactivation, with a 66.4% reduction achieved with only 10 pulses of UV-rich light (P=<0.0002). Inactivation using continuous UV light was also investigated in order to quantify the comparative efficacy of these antimicrobial light regions. In addition to determining the inactivation kinetics, the spectral outputs of the pulsed and continuous UV sources were captured and compared in order to assess their comparative UV-C content, and subsequently assess how this UV content relates to their germicidal efficiency. Overall, results provide evidence of the dose-response kinetics of bacterial aerosols to PUV-rich light. As with continuous UV light, safety restrictions limit its application to unoccupied environments, or within sealed enclosures such as air handling units, however the reduced treatment times with PUV provides operational advantages over continuous light treatment