La importancia de la planificación financiera: Gestión de un patrimonio a largo plazo adaptado a las características del inversor

Este trabajo consta de dos grandes partes claramente diferenciadas con sus respectivos subapartados, en primer lugar, se contextualiza el reparto del ahorro familiar en España y se compara con el europeo, además, se exponen una serie de productos de ahorro a largo plazo principalmente dirigidos a pequeños inversores sin experiencia previa en las finanzas, se redactan sus principales características tanto financieras como fiscales y se ofrecen diversos ejemplos. En la segunda parte, se encuentra el análisis empírico, en este se ha planificado la vida financiera de una personan atendiendo a las características concretas que pueda poseer cada individuo, en este caso se ha elegido como primer producto financiero un seguro de ahorro, a continuación, esa cantidad acumulada se ha invertido en un Fondo de Inversión. En esta última parte, se realizan diferentes simulaciones para comparar las rentabilidades obtenidas dependiendo de diversos aspectos como el tiempo, la fiscalidad o el momento de la inversión.<br /

Root infection of canker pathogens, Fusarium circinatum and Diplodia sapinea, in asymptomatic trees in Pinus radiata and Pinus pinaster plantations

[EN] The existence of a latent stage within host tissue of the pine pathogens Fusarium circinatum and Diplodia sapinea, the causal agents of pitch canker and shoot blight disease respectively, has previously been cited. However, studies on this cryptic phase in each disease lifecycle has only been focused on the host aerial parts but not on the roots. Therefore, our objective was to analyze the presence of both pathogens in roots of non-symptomatic mature trees in plantations where the pathogens are known to be causing canker symptoms. For that, we sampled roots from ten non-symptomatic and ten symptomatic trees in three Pinus radiata and one Pinus pinaster plantations in Basque Country, Spain. Both pathogens were isolated from roots of non-symptomatic trees in a higher frequency than from roots of symptomatic trees, 23.3% and 6.6% respectively for D. sapinea and 16.6% and 3.3% respectively for F. circinatum. Neither pathogens was detected in the P. pinaster plantation. The two pathogens were never isolated from the same tree. A high molecular variability was observed for D. sapinea isolates with six different haplotypes and two mating types for the eleven characterized isolates, but only one haplotype and mating type was found for F. circinatum, with all isolates of both fungi being proved pathogenic. These results evidence the importance root infection may have in the disease lifecycle and, therefore, disease management.We acknowledge Maria Teresa Morales Clemente for her excellent technical assistance. Laura Hernandez-Escribano was supported by a fellowship from INIA (FPI-INIA). Financial support for this research was provided by project RTA2013-00048-C03-01, RTA2017-00063-C04-01 and C04-03 (National Progamme I + D + I, INIA, Spain) and the Project Healthy Forest LIFE14 ENV/ES/000179. This article is-based upon work from COST Action FP1406, Pine pitch canker-strategies for management of Gibberella circinata in greenhouses and forests (PINESTRENGTH), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).Hernandez-Escribano, L.; Iturritxa, E.; Aragonés, A.; Mesanza, N.; Berbegal Martinez, M.; Raposo, R.; Elvira-Recuenco, M. (2018). Root infection of canker pathogens, Fusarium circinatum and Diplodia sapinea, in asymptomatic trees in Pinus radiata and Pinus pinaster plantations. Forests. 9(3):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9030128S11593Nirenberg, H. I., & O’Donnell, K. (1998). New Fusarium Species and Combinations within the Gibberella fujikuroi Species Complex. Mycologia, 90(3), 434. doi:10.2307/3761403Phillips, A. J. L., Alves, A., Abdollahzadeh, J., Slippers, B., Wingfield, M. J., Groenewald, J. Z., & Crous, P. W. (2013). The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from culture. Studies in Mycology, 76, 51-167. doi:10.3114/sim0021Wingfield, M. J., Hammerbacher, A., Ganley, R. J., Steenkamp, E. T., Gordon, T. R., Wingfield, B. D., & Coutinho, T. A. (2008). Pitch canker caused byFusarium circinatum– a growing threat to pine plantations and forests worldwide. Australasian Plant Pathology, 37(4), 319. doi:10.1071/ap08036Burgess, T. I., Wingfield, M. J., & Wingfield, B. D. (2004). Global distribution ofDiplodia pineagenotypes revealed using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Australasian Plant Pathology, 33(4), 513. doi:10.1071/ap04067Bihon, W., Wingfield, M. J., Slippers, B., Duong, T. A., & Wingfield, B. D. (2014). MAT gene idiomorphs suggest a heterothallic sexual cycle in a predominantly asexual and important pine pathogen. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 62, 55-61. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2013.10.013Swart, W. J. (1991). Biology and Control ofSphaeropsis sapineaonPinusSpecies in South Africa. Plant Disease, 75(8), 761. doi:10.1094/pd-75-0761Blodgett, J. T., Kruger, E. L., & Stanosz, G. R. (1997). Sphaeropsis sapinea and Water Stress in a Red Pine Plantation in Central Wisconsin. Phytopathology®, 87(4), 429-434. doi:10.1094/phyto.1997.87.4.429Inman, A. R., Kirkpatrick, S. C., Gordon, T. R., & Shaw, D. V. (2008). Limiting Effects of Low Temperature on Growth and Spore Germination in Gibberella circinata, the Cause of Pitch Canker in Pine Species. Plant Disease, 92(4), 542-545. doi:10.1094/pdis-92-4-0542Landeras, E., García, P., Fernández, Y., Braña, M., Fernández-Alonso, O., Méndez-Lodos, S., … Armengol, J. (2005). Outbreak of Pitch Canker Caused by Fusarium circinatum on Pinus spp. in Northern Spain. Plant Disease, 89(9), 1015-1015. doi:10.1094/pd-89-1015aBragança, H., Diogo, E., Moniz, F., & Amaro, P. (2009). First Report of Pitch Canker on Pines Caused by Fusarium circinatum in Portugal. Plant Disease, 93(10), 1079-1079. doi:10.1094/pdis-93-10-1079aCarlucci, A., Colatruglio, L., & Frisullo, S. (2007). First Report of Pitch Canker Caused by Fusarium circinatum on Pinus halepensis and P. pinea in Apulia (Southern Italy). Plant Disease, 91(12), 1683-1683. doi:10.1094/pdis-91-12-1683cBihon, W., Slippers, B., Burgess, T., Wingfield, M. J., & Wingfield, B. D. (2012). Diverse sources of infection and cryptic recombination revealed in South African Diplodia pinea populations. Fungal Biology, 116(1), 112-120. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.10.006KAY, S. J., AH CHEE, A., SALE, P. O., TAYLOR, J. T., HADAR, E., HADAR, Y., & FARRELL, R. L. (2002). Variation among New Zealand isolates of Sphaeropsis sapinea. Forest Pathology, 32(2), 109-121. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0329.2002.00273.xSmith, H., Wingfield, M. J., de Wet, J., & Coutinho, T. A. (2000). Genotypic Diversity of Sphaeropsis sapinea from South Africa and Northern Sumatra. Plant Disease, 84(2), 139-142. doi:10.1094/pdis.2000.84.2.139Zwolinski, J. B., Swart, W. J., & Wingfield, M. J. (1990). Economic impact of a post-hail outbreak of dieback induced by Sphaeropsis sapinea. Forest Pathology, 20(6-7), 405-411. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1990.tb01155.xStanosz, G. R., Trobaugh, J., Guthmiller, M. A., & Stanosz, J. C. (2004). Sphaeropsis shoot blight and altered nutrition in red pine plantations treated with paper mill waste sludge. Forest Pathology, 34(4), 245-253. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.2004.00366.xDesprez-Loustau, M.-L., Robin, C., Reynaud, G., Déqué, M., Badeau, V., Piou, D., … Marçais, B. (2007). Simulating the effects of a climate-change scenario on the geographical range and activity of forest-pathogenic fungi. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 29(2), 101-120. doi:10.1080/07060660709507447Keen, A., & Smits, T. F. C. (1989). Application of a mathematical function for a temperature optimum curve to establish differences in growth between isolates of a fungus. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 95(1), 37-49. doi:10.1007/bf02000880Storer, Gordon, & Clark. (1998). Association of the pitch canker fungus,Fusarium subglutinansf.sp.pini, with Monterey pine seeds and seedlings in California. Plant Pathology, 47(5), 649-656. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3059.1998.00288.xIturritxa, E., Mesanza, N., Elvira-Recuenco, M., Serrano, Y., Quintana, E., & Raposo, R. (2012). Evaluation of genetic resistance in Pinus to pitch canker in Spain. Australasian Plant Pathology, 41(6), 601-607. doi:10.1007/s13313-012-0160-4Broaddus, J. B.-. (1990). Colonization of Cones and Seed of Loblolly Pine Following Inoculation with Fusarium subglutinans. Plant Disease, 74(12), 1002. doi:10.1094/pd-74-1002Anderson, R. L. (1986). New Method for Assessing Contamination of Slash and Loblolly Pine Seeds byFusarium moniliformevar.subglutinans. Plant Disease, 70(5), 452. doi:10.1094/pd-70-452VILJOEN, A. (1994). First Reportof Fusarium subglutinansf.sp. pinion Pine Seedlings in South Africa. Plant Disease, 78(3), 309. doi:10.1094/pd-78-0309Whitehill, J. G. A., Lehman, J. S., & Bonello, P. (2007). Ips pini (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Is a Vector of the Fungal Pathogen, Sphaeropsis sapinea (Coelomycetes), to Austrian Pines, Pinus nigra (Pinaceae). Environmental Entomology, 36(1), 114-120. doi:10.1603/0046-225x(2007)36[114:ipcsia]2.0.co;2Stanosz, G. R., Swart, W. J., & Smith, D. R. (1999). RAPD marker and isozyme characterization of Sphaeropsis sapinea from diverse coniferous hosts and locations. Mycological Research, 103(9), 1193-1202. doi:10.1017/s0953756299008382Palmer, M. A. (1985). Shoot Blight and Collar Rot ofPinus resinosaCaused bySphaeropsis sapineain Forest Tree Nurseries. Plant Disease, 69(9), 739. doi:10.1094/pd-69-739Stanosz, G. R., Smith, D. R., & Leisso, R. (2007). Diplodia shoot blight and asymptomatic persistence of Diplodia pinea on or in stems of jack pine nursery seedlings. Forest Pathology, 37(3), 145-154. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.2007.00487.xFlowers, J., Nuckles, E., Hartman, J., & Vaillancourt, L. (2001). Latent Infection of Austrian and Scots Pine Tissues by Sphaeropsis sapinea. Plant Disease, 85(10), 1107-1112. doi:10.1094/pdis.2001.85.10.1107Flowers, J., Hartman, J., & Vaillancourt, L. (2003). Detection of Latent Sphaeropsis sapinea Infections in Austrian Pine Tissues Using Nested-Polymerase Chain Reaction. Phytopathology®, 93(12), 1471-1477. doi:10.1094/phyto.2003.93.12.1471Smith, H., Wingfied, M. ., & Coutinho, T. . (2002). The role of latent Sphaeropsis sapinea infections in post-hail associated die-back of Pinus patula. Forest Ecology and Management, 164(1-3), 177-184. doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00610-7Vujanovic, V., St-Arnaud, M., & Neumann, P.-J. (2000). Susceptibility of cones and seeds to fungal infection in a pine (Pinus spp.) collection. Forest Pathology, 30(6), 305-320. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0329.2000.00211.xBihon, W., Slippers, B., Burgess, T., Wingfield, M. J., & Wingfield, B. D. (2010). Sources of Diplodia pinea endophytic infections in Pinus patula and P. radiata seedlings in South Africa. Forest Pathology, 41(5), 370-375. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00691.xFABRE, B., PIOU, D., DESPREZ-LOUSTAU, M.-L., & MARÇAIS, B. (2011). Can the emergence of pine Diplodia shoot blight in France be explained by changes in pathogen pressure linked to climate change? Global Change Biology, 17(10), 3218-3227. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02428.xSwett, C. L., Kirkpatrick, S. C., & Gordon, T. R. (2016). Evidence for a Hemibiotrophic Association of the Pitch Canker Pathogen Fusarium circinatum with Pinus radiata. Plant Disease, 100(1), 79-84. doi:10.1094/pdis-03-15-0270-reMartín-Rodrigues, N., Sanchez-Zabala, J., Salcedo, I., Majada, J., González-Murua, C., & Duñabeitia, M. K. (2015). New insights into radiata pine seedling root infection byFusarium circinatum. Plant Pathology, 64(6), 1336-1348. doi:10.1111/ppa.12376Swett, C. L., & Gordon, T. R. (2016). Exposure to a pine pathogen enhances growth and disease resistance inPinus radiataseedlings. Forest Pathology, 47(1), e12298. doi:10.1111/efp.12298Stanosz, G. R., Blodgett, J. T., Smith, D. R., & Kruger, E. L. (2001). Water stress and Sphaeropsis sapinea as a latent pathogen of red pine seedlings. New Phytologist, 149(3), 531-538. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00052.xBihon, W., Burgess, T., Slippers, B., Wingfield, M. J., & Wingfield, B. D. (2011). Distribution of Diplodia pinea and its genotypic diversity within asymptomatic Pinus patula trees. Australasian Plant Pathology, 40(5), 540-548. doi:10.1007/s13313-011-0060-zAegerter, B. J., & Gordon, T. R. (2006). Rates of pitch canker induced seedling mortality among Pinus radiata families varying in levels of genetic resistance to Gibberella circinata (anamorph Fusarium circinatum). Forest Ecology and Management, 235(1-3), 14-17. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.07.011Nirenberg, H. I. (1981). A simplified method for identifying Fusarium spp. occurring on wheat. Canadian Journal of Botany, 59(9), 1599-1609. doi:10.1139/b81-217Slippers, B., Crous, P. W., Denman, S., Coutinho, T. A., Wingfield, B. D., & Wingfield, M. J. (2004). Combined multiple gene genealogies and phenotypic characters differentiate several species previously identified asBotryosphaeria dothidea. Mycologia, 96(1), 83-101. doi:10.1080/15572536.2005.11833000Alves, A., Linaldeddu, B. T., Deidda, A., Scanu, B., & Phillips, A. J. L. (2014). The complex of Diplodia species associated with Fraxinus and some other woody hosts in Italy and Portugal. Fungal Diversity, 67(1), 143-156. doi:10.1007/s13225-014-0282-9Hyde, K. D., Nilsson, R. H., Alias, S. A., Ariyawansa, H. A., Blair, J. E., Cai, L., … Zhou, N. (2014). One stop shop: backbones trees for important phytopathogenic genera: I (2014). Fungal Diversity, 67(1), 21-125. doi:10.1007/s13225-014-0298-1Dissanayake, A. (2016). Botryosphaeriaceae: Current status of genera and species. Mycosphere, 7(7), 1001-1073. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/si/1b/13Linaldeddu, B. (2016). Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with lentisk dieback in Italy and description of Diplodia insularis sp. nov. Mycosphere, 7(7), 962-977. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/si/1b/8Ariyawansa, H. A., Hyde, K. D., Jayasiri, S. C., Buyck, B., Chethana, K. W. T., Dai, D. Q., … Lücking, R. (2015). Fungal diversity notes 111–252—taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa. Fungal Diversity, 75(1), 27-274. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0346-5Úrbez-Torres, J. R., Castro-Medina, F., Mohali, S. R., & Gubler, W. D. (2016). Botryosphaeriaceae Species Associated With Cankers and Dieback Symptoms of Acacia mangium and Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis in Venezuela. Plant Disease, 100(12), 2455-2464. doi:10.1094/pdis-05-16-0612-reSmith, D. R., & Stanosz, G. R. (2006). A Species-Specific PCR Assay for Detection of Diplodia pinea and D. scrobiculata in Dead Red and Jack Pines with Collar Rot Symptoms. Plant Disease, 90(3), 307-313. doi:10.1094/pd-90-0307Schweigkofler, W., O’Donnell, K., & Garbelotto, M. (2004). Detection and Quantification of Airborne Conidia of Fusarium circinatum, the Causal Agent of Pine Pitch Canker, from Two California Sites by Using a Real-Time PCR Approach Combined with a Simple Spore Trapping Method. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(6), 3512-3520. doi:10.1128/aem.70.6.3512-3520.2004Wallace, M. M., & Covert, S. F. (2000). Molecular Mating Type Assay forFusarium circinatum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66(12), 5506-5508. doi:10.1128/aem.66.12.5506-5508.2000Berbegal, M., Pérez-Sierra, A., Armengol, J., & Grünwald, N. J. (2013). Evidence for Multiple Introductions and Clonality in Spanish Populations of Fusarium circinatum. Phytopathology®, 103(8), 851-861. doi:10.1094/phyto-11-12-0281-rIturritxa, E., Ganley, R. J., Wright, J., Heppe, E., Steenkamp, E. T., Gordon, T. R., & Wingfield, M. J. (2011). A genetically homogenous population of Fusarium circinatum causes pitch canker of Pinus radiata in the Basque Country, Spain. Fungal Biology, 115(3), 288-295. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.12.014Elvira-Recuenco, M., Iturritxa, E., Majada, J., Alia, R., & Raposo, R. (2014). Adaptive Potential of Maritime Pine (Pinus pinaster) Populations to the Emerging Pitch Canker Pathogen, Fusarium circinatum. PLoS ONE, 9(12), e114971. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114971Garbelotto, M., Smith, T., & Schweigkofler, W. (2008). Variation in Rates of Spore Deposition of Fusarium circinatum, the Causal Agent of Pine Pitch Canker, Over a 12-Month-Period at Two Locations in Northern California. Phytopathology®, 98(1), 137-143. doi:10.1094/phyto-98-1-0137Serra-Varela, M. J., Alía, R., Pórtoles, J., Gonzalo, J., Soliño, M., Grivet, D., & Raposo, R. (2017). Incorporating exposure to pitch canker disease to support management decisions of Pinus pinaster Ait. in the face of climate change. PLOS ONE, 12(2), e0171549. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171549Hernandez-Escribano, L., Iturritxa, E., Elvira-Recuenco, M., Berbegal, M., Campos, J. A., Renobales, G., … Raposo, R. (2018). Herbaceous plants in the understory of a pitch canker-affected Pinus radiata plantation are endophytically infected with Fusarium circinatum. Fungal Ecology, 32, 65-71. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2017.12.001Smith, H., Wingfield, M. J., Coutinho, T. A., & Crous, P. W. (1996). Sphaeropsis sapinea and Botryosphaeria dothidea endophytic in Pinus spp. and Eucalyptus spp. in South Africa. South African Journal of Botany, 62(2), 86-88. doi:10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30596-2Santini, A., Pepori, A., Ghelardini, L., & Capretti, P. (2008). Persistence of some pine pathogens in coarse woody debris and cones in a Pinus pinea forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 256(3), 502-506. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.010Oblinger, B. W., Smith, D. R., & Stanosz, G. R. (2011). Red pine harvest debris as a potential source of inoculum of Diplodia shoot blight pathogens. Forest Ecology and Management, 262(4), 663-670. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.04.038Eyles, A., Bonello, P., Ganley, R., & Mohammed, C. (2009). Induced resistance to pests and pathogens in trees. New Phytologist, 185(4), 893-908. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03127.xJunker, C., Draeger, S., & Schulz, B. (2012). A fine line – endophytes or pathogens in Arabidopsis thaliana. Fungal Ecology, 5(6), 657-662. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2012.05.002Flowers, J. L., Hartman, J. R., & Vaillancourt, L. J. (2006). Histology of Diplodia pinea in diseased and latently infected Pinus nigra shoots. Forest Pathology, 36(6), 447-459. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.2006.00473.

Estudio de la colonización nasal por staphylococcus aureus en niños con dermatitis atópica

OBJETIVOS: Analizar si la colonización nasal por Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus )es mayor en niños con Dermatitis atópica (DA) que en niños sanos, y determinar la correlación clínica de esta colonización con la gravedad de la enfermedad. Conocer la magnitud de la asociación entra la DA y la colonización nasal por S.aureus Caracterizar la sensibilidad antimicrobiana de las cepas aisladas de S.aureus Estudiar la frecuencia de otros colonizadores potencialmente patógenos Estudio piloto del micobioma nasofaríngeo por técnicas de secuenciación masiva METODOLOGÍA: Estudio analítico observacional de casos y controles, prospectivo, con dos brazos donde se estudia la frecuencia de la colonización nasal por S. aureus en niños con DA (casos) y niños asintomáticos (controles). Se han incluido a 471 pacientes (157 con DA y 314 sin DA), que se han reclutado durante 3 años de forma consecutiva. Adicionalmente, se han recogido variables que pueden condicionar a esta enfermedad así como la severidad de los pacientes con DA mediante el SCORAD (Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis) y mediante las alteraciones del sueño asociadas al prurito. Además en un pequeño grupo de pacientes - 8 casos y 10 controles- se realizó un estudio piloto del micobioma nasofaríngeo por técnicas de secuenciación masiv

Temporal and Spatial Variation in the Population Structure of Spanish Fusarium circinatum Infecting Pine Stands

Fusarium circinatum is an introduced fungal pathogen extended to the northern regions of Spain that causes Pine Pitch Canker (PPC) disease. In this work, we analyzed the pathogen&rsquo;s genetic diversity to study changes over time and space since the first outbreak occurred in Spain. Using six polymorphic SSR markers, 15 MLGs were identified in 66 isolates, and only three haplotypes were found with frequencies higher than one. In general, genotypic diversity was low and decreased shortly over time in the northwestern regions while maintained at Pa&iacute;s Vasco, where only one haplotype (MLG32) was detected 10 years. This population also included isolates of a single mating type (MAT-2) and VCGs identified in only two groups, while isolates from NW regions were of both mating types and VCGs represented in 11 groups. The existence of haplotype MLG32 maintained on time and widely distributed suggests its good adaptation to the environment and the host. Results showed that the pathogen in Pa&iacute;s Vasco remains clearly differentiated from other northwestern populations. This fact was supported with no evidence of migration among regions. Results are explained by the asexual reproduction, but also selfing at least to a lesser extent that leads to identification of two new haplotypes

Temporal and Spatial Variation in the Population Structure of Spanish Fusarium circinatum Infecting Pine Stands

16 Pág.Fusarium circinatum is an introduced fungal pathogen extended to the northern regions of Spain that causes Pine Pitch Canker (PPC) disease. In this work, we analyzed the pathogen's genetic diversity to study changes over time and space since the first outbreak occurred in Spain. Using six polymorphic SSR markers, 15 MLGs were identified in 66 isolates, and only three haplotypes were found with frequencies higher than one. In general, genotypic diversity was low and decreased shortly over time in the northwestern regions while maintained at País Vasco, where only one haplotype (MLG32) was detected 10 years. This population also included isolates of a single mating type (MAT-2) and VCGs identified in only two groups, while isolates from NW regions were of both mating types and VCGs represented in 11 groups. The existence of haplotype MLG32 maintained on time and widely distributed suggests its good adaptation to the environment and the host. Results showed that the pathogen in País Vasco remains clearly differentiated from other northwestern populations. This fact was supported with no evidence of migration among regions. Results are explained by the asexual reproduction, but also selfing at least to a lesser extent that leads to identification of two new haplotypes.This research was funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, reference project PID2020-118734RR-C21 David Fariña-Flores was supported by a fellowship from INIA (FPI-INIA) and Laura Hernández-Escribano by project PID2020-118734RR-C21.Peer reviewe

Scabies in Infants: Series of 51 Cases

We conducted a two-year retrospective evaluation of infants aged under two years with a confirmed, clinical, or suspected diagnosis of scabies in a healthcare center in Alicante (Spain) to determine possible factors associated with diagnostic delay and poor treatment response. We collected epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and treatment variables. After describing our findings as mean values and percentages, we compared categorical variables using the Student’s t-test and the Mann–Whitney U test, and we compared continuous variables with the Chi2 test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. We included 51 infants (19 boys and 32 girls) with a mean age of 15 months. The main source of contagion was the family; half of the infants lived with four or more people. According to the International Consensus Criteria for the Diagnosis of Scabies, confirmed scabies was diagnosed in 45% of cases and clinical scabies in 47%, and 45% of cases had a diagnostic delay. Lesions mainly affected the hands, feet, and trunk, with papules in 92% of cases and burrows in 55%. The predominant symptoms were pruritus (94%) and irritability (69%). Regarding treatment, 98% of the infants received topical permethrin and 35% received oral ivermectin. Treatment failed in 76% of infants. Living in large family units was associated with a higher risk of contagion and therapeutic failure. Diagnostic delay was associated with previous misdiagnosis