Optical Diagnostics for Solid Rocket Plumes Characterization: A Review

In recent decades, solid fuel combustion propulsion of spacecraft has become one of the most popular choices for rocket propulsion systems. The reasons for this success are a wide range of applications, lower production costs, simplicity, and safety. The rocket’s plumes leave the nozzle at high temperatures; hence, the knowledge of produced infrared (IR) emissions is a crucial aspect during the design and tests of the rocket motors. Furthermore, rocket plume composition is given by N2, H2, H2O, CO and CO2, while solid rocket motors (SRM) additionally inject some solid particles, given by metal fuel additives in the propellant grain, i.e., aluminum oxide (Al2O3) particles. The main issue is the detection of the particles remaining in the atmosphere due to the exhaust gas of the solid rocket propulsion system that could have effects on ozone depletion. The experimental characterization of SRM plumes in the presence of alumina particles can be conducted using different optical techniques. The present study aims to review the most promising ones with a description of the optics system and their potential applications for SRM plume measurements. The most common measurement techniques are infrared spectroscopy imaging, IR imaging. UV–VIS measurements, shadowgraph, and Schlieren optical methods. The choice of these techniques among many others is due to the ability to study the plume without influencing the physical conditions existing in and around the study object. This paper presents technical results concerning the study of rocket engines plumes with the above-mentioned methods and reveals the feasibility of the measurement techniques applied

Effects of temperature and immersion time on rehydration of osmotically dehydrated pork meat

The aim of this work was to study the changes in osmotically dehydrated (OD) pork meat during rehydration. Meat samples (lxlxlcm cubes) were osmotically treated in two solutions: (1) solution with 350g of NaCI and 1200g of sucrose diluted in I I of distilled water and (2) sugar beet molasses (80 °Brix) solution at 23±2°C for 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours. In both cases, the solution to sample mass ratio was 10:1 to avoid significant dilution of the medium by water removal. After being osmotically dehydrated, meat samples were rehydrated by immersing meat cubes in water bath at constant temperature (20, 40 and 60 °C). The samples were removed after different immersion periods (15, 30, 45 and 60 min) and examined for mass and volume gain and rehydration percentage was calculated. After relatively short time (15 min), significant weight and volume gains were observed for both treatments. Process temperature was the most significant variable affecting final dry matter content and rehydration kinetics. At the end of rehydration process, conducted at 20 °C and 40 °C, a significant recovery in mass was observed, although the values were lower than for fresh meat. Ruptured and shrunken meat tissue produced as the result of OD had reduced its ability to absorb water. Rehydration percentage at 20 °C for molasses solution was 24.11%, and for sucrose-salt solution was 26.19%. However, rehydration at 40° C brings higher mass gain in case of molasses as a solution (11.33%) compared with sucrose-salt solution (7.88%). Results obtained at 60 °C were negative which means that rehydration didn't take place. The best conditions for meat rehydration were obtained using a temperature of 20 °C and time of 60 min. Volume of samples increased almost linearly with weight increment

Engineering monitoring of rockfall hazards along transportation corridors: using mobile terrestrial LiDAR

Geotechnical hazards along linear transportation corridors are challenging to identify and often require constant monitoring. Inspecting corridors using traditional, manual methods requires the engineer to be unnecessarily exposed to the hazard. It also requires closure of the corridor to ensure safety of the worker from passing vehicles. This paper identifies the use of mobile terrestrial LiDAR data as a compliment to traditional field methods. Mobile terrestrial LiDAR is an emerging remote data collection technique capable of generating accurate fully three-dimensional virtual models while driving at speeds up to 100 km/h. Data is collected from a truck that causes no delays to active traffic nor does it impede corridor use. These resultant georeferenced data can be used for geomechanical structural feature identification and kinematic analysis, rockfall path identification and differential monitoring of rock movement or failure over time. Comparisons between mobile terrestrial and static LiDAR data collection and analysis are presented. As well, detailed discussions on workflow procedures for possible implementation are discussed. Future use of mobile terrestrial LiDAR data for corridor analysis will focus on repeated surveys and developing dynamic four-dimensional models, higher resolution data collection. As well, computationally advanced, spatially accurate, geomechanically controlled three-dimensional rockfall simulations should be investigated

Comparison between Organic and Conventional Spelt and Wheatgrass juice

This work is aimed to compare antioxidant and scavenger properties of conventionally and organically produced speltgrass. Moreover, the antioxidant status of spelt was compared with wheatgrass. Three spelt varieties were analyzed:Nirvana, Ebners–Rotkorn variety and Eco-10. Antioxidant enzymes, superoxide-dismutase and guiacol-peroxidase, were determined as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power and DPPH-antiradical power. Total soluble proteins and total phenols were determined and also lipid peroxidation as a parameter of oxidative stress. The organically produced spelt was exposed to the higher levels of oxidative stress than conventionally produced spelt, and also DPPH antiradical power was induced by conventional production, which is also demonstrated using the relative antioxidant capacity index. The best antioxidant properties, better than wheat, showed organically produced spelt genotype Ebners–Rotkorn which is determined by the highest phenol content, superoxide-dismutase activity, DPPH antiradical power and ferric reduced antioxidant power and consequently with the lowest lipid peroxidation intensity

Konzervirana morska riba na srpskome tržištu: razine cinka, bakra i željeza i njihov doprinos dnevnom unosu ovih esencijalnih metala

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of Zn, Cu, and Fe in three canned fish species marketed Serbia to see if they meet recommended daily intake requirements or exceed safety limits. We collected a total of 207 samples of canned tuna, sardine, and mackerel, in oil or tomato sauce and analysed them with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after acid digestion. The highest levels were obtained for Zn (15.1 mg kg-1) and Cu (1.37 mg kg-1) in sardine in oil and tomato sauce, respectively, and for Fe (18.98 mg kg-1) in mackerel in tomato sauce. Our results keep within the ranges reported by several national food databases and available literature data, with a few exceptions. Our findings also single out canned sardines as the richest source of the three essential elements combined. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of the three essential elements, however, was subpar, and ranged between 0.14 % and 0.72 % of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for Zn, Cu, and Fe.Cilj ovoga rada bio je utvrditi razinu cinka, bakra i željeza u trima vrstama ribljih konzervi sa srpskoga tržišta kako bi se ustanovilo zadovoljavaju li zahtjeve za preporučenim dnevnim unosom, ili pak prekoračuju sigurnosne granice. Sadržaj esencijalnih elemenata utvrđen je u ukupno 207 uzoraka konzerve tune, sardine i skuše primjenom masene spektrometrije s induktivno spregnutom plazmom (ICP-MS) nakon kisele digestije uzoraka. Najveći sadržaj cinka (15,1 mg kg-1) utvrđen je u sardini u ulju, bakra (1,37 mg kg-1) u sardini u umaku od rajčice, a željeza (18,98 mg kg-1) u skuši u umaku od rajčice. Dobiveni rezultati su u opsegu vrijednosti za analizirane elemente koje je objavilo nekoliko nacionalnih baza podataka o hrani, kao i u opsegu dostupnih literaturnih podataka, s nekoliko iznimaka. Rezultati istraživanja izdvajaju sardinu u konzervi kao najbogatiji izvor proučavanih esencijalnih elementa. Procijenjeni dnevni unos (EDI) bio je između 0,14 % i 0,72 % preporučenih dnevnih unosa cinka, bakra i željeza. Iako sardina u konzervi, u odnosu na tunu i skušu, doprinosi oko 1,5 puta više preporučenom dnevnom unosu (RDI) esencijalnih elemenata, konzervirana morska riba ne može se smatrati značajnim izvorom cinka, bakra i željeza u prehrani srpskoga stanovništva

Structural characterisation of starch based edible films with essential oil addition

Present study investigated structure of starch based edible films with essential oil addition. Films were obtained from water solutions containing gelatinized modified starch, polyol, guar-xantan gum modified mixture and essential oil by casting it on a Petri dish and evaporating at room temperature for 72h. Both, glycerol and guar-xantan modified mixture, had role to improve film flexibility and enable better film folding and handling. Two sample groups were obtained: starch based edible films with black cumin oil addition and starch based edible films with black pepper oil addition. Both essential oils were added in three different concentrations. Starch based edible film without essential oil addition was used as blank shot. Structural properties were determined by analyzing spectra obtained by FT-IR Spectrometer in the spectral range of 4000–400 cm−1 with a 4.0 cm−1 resolution. Software Omnic 8.1. and TQ Analyst were used to operate the FTIR spectrometer, collect and present all the data. Results pointed to quantitative law dependency between added amount of essential oils and spectra absorption values for both sample groups and FTIR spectra were used to calculate coefficient of correlation

RESEARCH ON THE SOIL OF SUITABILITY RECAS GROWING CENTER

Viticulture is a branch of agriculture with a high intensity level, vines involves energy consumption, it can not develop without energy or low intake of it. Increased production WINE will take place in future energy crisis and raw materials (Ţărău D., Luca M., 2002, et Țărău D., Borza I., Dumitru M., Ciobanu C., 2007) .Objectives aimed especially following: identification and characterization of soiltypes and subtypes, calculating evaluation notes, determining suitability and land classification in classes of favorability. Recas vineyard soils Center, formed by the complex interaction of factors of which the most important pedogenetic are topography, water, rock parent, climate, vegetation and man. Thus the perimeter Recas are two areas where soils are well differentiated, a result of different climatic conditions

Automated terrestrial laser scanning with near-real-time change detection – monitoring of the Séchilienne landslide

We present an automated terrestrial laser scanning (ATLS) system with automatic near-real-time change detection processing. The ATLS system was tested on the Séchilienne landslide in France for a 6-week period with data collected at 30min intervals. The purpose of developing the system was to fill the gap of high-temporal-resolution TLS monitoring studies of earth surface processes and to offer a cost-effective, light, portable alternative to ground-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (GB-InSAR) deformation monitoring. During the study, we detected the flux of talus, displacement of the landslide and pre-failure deformation of discrete rockfall events. Additionally, we found the ATLS system to be an effective tool in monitoring landslide and rockfall processes despite missing points due to poor atmospheric conditions or rainfall. Furthermore, such a system has the potential to help us better understand a wide variety of slope processes at high levels of temporal detail

Application of Peleg Model on Mass Transfer Kinetics During Osmotic Dehydratation of Pear Cubes in Sucrose Solution

The applicability of Peleg model was investigated for predicting mass transfer kinetics during the osmotic dehydration (OD) process of pears, at different concentrations (40, 60 and 70%, w/w) and temperatures (20, 35 and 50 degrees C) of sucrose solution. Increase in sucrose solution concentration resulted in higher water loss (WL) and solid gain (SG) values through the osmotic treatment period. After 360 min of osmotic treatment of pears, WL ranged from 23.71 to 31.68% at 20 degrees C, from 24.80 to 40.38% at 35 degrees C and from 33.30 to 52.07% at 50 degrees C of initial weight of pears. The increase of dry mass of the samples, SG, after 360 min of osmotic treatment ranged from 3.02 to 6.68% at 20 degrees C, from 4.15 to 7.71% at 35 degrees C and from 5.00 to 8.92% at 50 degrees C. Pelegs rate constants, k(1)(WL) and k(1)(SG), decreased with increasing temperature, as well as decreased with increasing concentration of osmotic solution at constant temperature. Both capacity constants k(2)(WL) and k(2)(SG) also exhibited the inverse relationship between capacity constant and temperature, as well as concentration of the osmotic solution. Pelegs rate constants for WL and SG at all temperatures followed an Arrhenius type relationship. The predicted equilibrium values were very close to experimental ones, which was confirmed with high coefficients of determination and by the residual analysis

Antioxidant Activity of Selected Polyphenolics in Yeast Cells: The Case Study of Montenegrin Merlot Wine

Screens of antioxidant activity (AA) of various natural products have been a focus of the research community worldwide. This work aimed to differentiate selected samples of Merlot wines originated from Montenegro, with regard to phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity studied by survival rate, total sulfhydryl groups and activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase and catalase in H2O2-stressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. In this study, DPPH assay was also performed. Higher total phenolic content leads to an enhanced AA under both conditions. The same trend was observed for catechin and gallic acid, the most abundant phenolics in the examined wine samples. Finally, the findings of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model were in a good agreement (r(2) = 0.978) with the experimental data. All tested samples exhibited a protective effect in H2O2-stressed yeast cells. Pre-treatment with examined wines increased survival in H2O2-stressed cells and shifted antioxidative defense towards GPx-mediated defense. Finally, sensitivity analysis of obtained ANN model highlights the complexity of the impact that variations in the concentrations of specific phenolic components have on the antioxidant defense system