Changes in quality of life among Norwegian school children: a six-month follow-up study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A considerable gap exists in regard to longitudinal research on quality of life (QoL) in community populations of children and adolescents. Changes and stability of QoL have been poorly examined, despite the fact that children and adolescents undergo profound developmental changes. The aims of the study were to investigate short-term changes in student QoL with regard to sex and age in a school-based sample.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A representative Norwegian sample of 1,821 school children, aged 8–16 years and their parents were tested at baseline and 6 months later, using the Inventory of Life Quality for Children and Adolescents (ILC) and the Kinder Lebensqualität Fragebogen (KINDL). Student response rate at baseline was 71.2% and attrition over the follow-up period was 4.6%, and 1,336 parents (70%) completed the follow-up. Change scores between baseline and follow-up evaluations were analysed by means of ANCOVA in regard to sex and age effects.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Students in the 8^thgrade reported a decrease in QoL over the six-month follow-up period as compared to those in the 6^thgrade with regard to Family and School domains and total QoL on the KINDL. For emotional well-being a significant linear decrease in QoL across grades 6^thto 10^thwas observed. However, student ratings on the Friends and Self-esteem domains did not change significantly by age. Girls reported a higher decrease in their QoL across all grades over the follow-up period than did boys in respect of Self-esteem on the KINDL, and an age-related decrease in total QoL between 6^thand 8^thgrade on the ILC. Parent reports of changes in child QoL were nonsignificant on most of the domains.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The observed age and sex-related changes in school children's QoL across the six-month follow-up period should be considered in epidemiological as well as clinical research.</p

Prevalence and characteristics of depressive disorders in early adolescents in central Norway

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Prevalence of depressive disorders among adolescents has varied across studies. The present study aims to assess current and lifetime prevalence and characteristics of adolescent Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Dysthymia and Depression NOS among adolescents in Central Norway in addition to socio-demographics and use of mental health care.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>In the Youth and Mental Health Study a representative sample of 2432 junior high school students (mean age 14.9 years, SD = 0.6) from two counties in Central Norway were screened with the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ). A subset of 345 of these adolescents (72.5% girls), 220 high scorers (MFQ = > 26), 74 middle scorers (MFQ 7-25), and 50 low scorers (MFQ < 7), 1 unknown score, were drawn and interviewed with the Kiddie SADS-PL (Present-Life Version). In all, 79% had parental interviews as well. All estimates of prevalence rates and population shares were weighted back using a sandwich estimator to yield true population estimates.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Almost one in four subjects (23%) had life-time depression. Prevalences of current Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Dysthymia and "Double depression" were 2.6%, 1.0% and 0.6%, respectively, and for Depression NOS 6.3%.</p> <p>All depressive disorders were characterized by long duration of episodes with large variations, and for any depressive disorder onset before 12 years of age. In multivariate analyses MDD and Dysthymia were most strongly associated with gender and not living with both biological parents. There was no gender difference for Depression NOS. Although a considerable number of depressed subjects had received mental health care, the reason for contact with services was seldom due to affective symptoms. Less than 20% had been in contact with specialist mental health services.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>High rates of Depression NOS, early onset of depressive episodes, long duration, and low use of specialized services point to the need for improved diagnostic assessment and treatment for young individuals.</p

KECINTAAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PRODUK SEPATU BUATAN CIBADUYUT DAN KONDISI EKONOMI PENGRAJIN SEPATU DI KAWASAN WISATA BELANJA CIBADUYUT

Bandung terkenal dengan berbagai destinasi wisatanya, salah satunya adalah Cibaduyut yang terkenal dengan produk sepatunya. Ketenaran Cibaduyut memang tidak pudar sampai saat ini, namun banyaknya produk sepatu buatan luar Cibaduyut yang masuk ke Cibaduyut akan menjadi masalah jika nantinya konsumen akan lebih memilih produk sepatu buatan luar Cibaduyut dibanding buatan Cibaduyut sendiri. Penelitian ini betujuan untuk mengetahui keadaan kecintaan Masyarakat terhadap produk sepatu buatan Cibaduyut, keadaan ekonomi pengrajin sepatu di Cibaduyut dan adanya keterkaitan dari dua keadaan tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Data dan informasi mengenai pengrajin sepatu cibaduyut diperoleh dari data primer dan sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara menyebar kuesioner dan wawancara dengan Pemilik Bengkel Sepatu, Pengrajin Sepatu, litbang Kelurahan Cibaduyut, litbang Kecamatan Bojongloa Kidul dan litbang Sub Unit Pengembangan IKM Persepatuan Cibaduyut. Metode analisis data menggunakan Analisis statistika deskriptif dan analisa korelasi. Dalam penelitian ini didapatkan hasil kondisi kecintaan Masyarakat terhadap produk sepatu buatan Cibaduyut dalam kategori rendah (47782) dan kondisi ekonomi pengrajin sepatu di Cibaduyut masih dalam kategori rendah (2489) dan dari kedua keadaan tersebut ditemukan hubungan yang sangat kuat (0,971). Dan penlitian ini menunjukan harus adanya upaya dari masyarakat dalam meningkatkan kecintaanya terhadap produk sepatu buatan Cibaduyut agar keadaan ekonomi pengrajin sepatu di Cibaduyut kembali membaik.;---Bandung is famous for its variety of Tourism destinations , one of them is the well-known Cibaduyut. Cibaduyut famous with their original shoe product and fame did not fade until recently, but the large number of products of artificial outer shoe Cibaduyut will be a problem if later consumers will prefer artificial shoes products outside Cibaduyut. The purpose of this research was to investigate the State of the love of the public towards the artificial Cibaduyut shoes products, State of the economy in Cibaduyut shoe craftsmen and the interconnectedness of the two States. In this study the researcher employed descriptive method quantitative approach. Data and information regarding the cibaduyut shoe craftsmen gained from primary and secondary data. Data collection done by spreading the questionnaires and interviews with the owner of a Shoe repair shop, a shoe Craftsman, people at Cibaduyut Village, people at Cibaduyut Subdistrict and people at the IKM Cibaduyut Shoe Craraftsmen. Data analysis using the method of descriptive statistics analysis and correlation analysis. In this study the results obtained as a condition of the love of the public towards the artificial Cibaduyut shoe products are in the low category (47782) and economic condition of shoe craftsmen in Cibaduyut are in the low category (2489) and both of them have a very strong relationship (0,971). And these studies indicate there should be an efforts from the community in improving his fondness towards the products of artificial Cibaduyut shoe so that the State of the economy shoe craftsmen in Cibaduyut back improves

Association of anxiety and depression to headache, abdominal- and musculoskeletal pain in children

The comorbidity between recurrent pain, anxiety, and depression among children is frequent and well documented. However, only a few studies of the predictive effect of anxiety and depression on pain have adjusted for symptoms of the other disorder when examining the respective relations to different pain locations, rendering the unique contribution from anxiety and depression undetermined. In the current investigation we explore the strength of associations between pain at different locations with symptoms of anxiety and depression in a community sample of 10-year-old children (n = 703). The children were interviewed about the frequency of pain during the last 3 months. Parents and children were interviewed separately about symptoms of anxiety and depression using a semi-structured diagnostic interview. Results of three multivariate regression models for each of headache, abdominal and musculoskeletal pain revealed that depression was associated with musculoskeletal pain and headache, whereas anxiety was not. The associations for depression were not significantly stronger compared to anxiety. Gender-specific models found that depression was related to headache only among girls, but the association was not statistically different compared to boys. These results may, in turn, influence our interpretation of different forms of pain in children, with less weight given to abdominal symptoms viewed as a strong correlate with psychological problems, compared to for instance headache. The results provided no clear support for neither a differential relationship between anxiety and pain and depression and pain nor gender differences

Prevalence and stability of insomnia from preschool to early adolescence: a prospective cohort study in Norway

Background There is limited knowledge about the prevalence and stability of insomnia defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). We therefore provide such estimates from preschool to early adolescence and explore potential sex differences. Methods We followed a representative community sample (n=1037) biennially from 4 to 14 years of age (2007–2017). Insomnia diagnoses and symptoms were captured by a semistructured clinical interview of parents and children (from age 8 years). Results At ages 4 and 6 years approximately 2.5% of children met the criteria for insomnia, whereas at ages 8, 10, 12 and 14 years the prevalence ranged from 7.5% to 12.3%. During the 10-year period examined nearly 1 in 5 children had insomnia at least once (18.7%). Sex differences were apparent with DSM-IV, but not DSM-5, criteria: boys (8.1%) had more insomnia than girls (4.5%) did at ages 4–10 years, whereas girls (11.4%) had more insomnia than boys (7.1%) did at ages 12 and 14 years. Insomnia proved stable, with 22.9%–40.1% of children retaining their diagnosis 2 years later. Having current insomnia produced medium to large ORs of between 5.1 (95% CI 2.6 to 9.8) and 15.3 (95% CI 4.4 to 52.9) for subsequent insomnia 2 years later compared with not having preceding insomnia. Conclusions Insomnia was less prevalent than previous research indicates, with nearly 1 in 5 participants having insomnia at least once between the ages of 4 and 14 years. Female preponderance emerged in early adolescence. Having insomnia at one time point was a considerable risk for subsequent insomnia, indicating that insomnia is persistent and warrants clinical attention.publishedVersio

Longitudinal relations between impaired executive function and symptoms of psychiatric disorders in childhood

Background Malfunctioning of executive functions correlates with psychopathology in children. However, the directionality, the extent to which the relation varies for various disorders, and whether prospective relations afford causal interpretations are not known. Methods A community sample of Norwegian children (n = 874) was studied biennially from the age of 6 to 14 years. Executive functions were assessed using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Teacher-report and symptoms of psychopathology were assessed using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (age 6; parents) and Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (ages 8–14; children and parents). Prospective reciprocal relations were examined using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model that adjusts for all unobserved time-invariant confounders. Results Even when time-invariant confounders were accounted for, reduced executive functions predicted increased symptoms of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) 2 years later, even when previous changes in these symptoms were adjusted for. The level of prediction (B = .83, 95% CI [.37, 1.3]) was not different for different disorders or ages. Conversely, reduced executive functions were predicted by increased symptoms of all disorders (B = .01, 95% CI [.01, .02]). Conclusions Reduced executive functioning may be involved in the etiology of depression, anxiety, ADHD, and ODD/CD to an equal extent. Moreover, increased depression, anxiety, ADHD, and ODD/CD may negatively impact executive functioning.publishedVersio

Quality of Life as reported by school children and their parents: a cross-sectional survey

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Comprehensive evidence exists regarding the discrepancy between children's reports and parents' by proxy reports on emotional and behavioural problems. However, little is yet known about factors influencing the extent to which child self- and parent by proxy reports differ in respect of child Quality of Life (QoL). The aim of the study was to investigate the degree of discrepancy between child and parent by proxy reports as measured by two different QoL instruments.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A representative Norwegian sample of 1997 school children aged 8–16 years, and their parents were studied using the Inventory of Life Quality (ILC) and the 'Kinder Lebensqualität Fragebogen' (KINDL). Child and parent reports were compared by t-test, and correlations were calculated by Pearson product moment coefficient. Psychometric aspects were examined in regard to both translated QoL instruments (internal consistency by Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability by intraclass correlation coefficients).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Parents evaluated the QoL of their children significantly more positively than did the children. Correlations between mother-child and father-child reports were significant (p < 0.01) and similar but low to moderate (r = 0.32; and r = 0.30, respectively, for the KINDL, and r = 0.30 and r = 0.26, respectively, for the ILC). Mother and father reports correlated moderately highly (r = 0.54 and r = 0.61 for the KINDL and ILC, respectively). No significant differences between correlations of mother-daughter/son and father-daughter/son pairs in regard to reported child QoL were observed on either of the two instruments.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In the present general population sample, parents reported higher child QoL than did their children. Concordance between child and parent by proxy report was low to moderate. The level of agreement between mothers and fathers in regard to their child's QoL was moderate. No significant impact of parent and child gender in regard to agreement in ratings of child QoL was found. Both the child and parent versions of the Norwegian translations of the KINDL and ILC can be used in surveys of community populations, but in regard to the self-report of 9–10 years old children, only the KINDL total QoL scale or the ILC are recommended.</p

Intercourse debut age: Poor resources, problem behavior, or romantic appeal? A population-based longitudinal study

The most important predictors of early intercourse debut are reported to be poor social resources and early developing problem behaviors. In this study we have a new, additional emphasis on variables related to self-concept and social acceptance. In a population-based longitudinal study, 1399 Norwegians were followed over a 7-year span. We analyzed data using multivariate Cox-regression techniques. Early intercourse debut was part of a broader spectrum of problem behaviors, including early alcohol intoxication and early-developing conduct problems. A new finding was that a positive self-concept in the domain of ýromantic appealý was also a strong predictor, but only for boys. We suggest that the findings may have important implications for prevention and more research should be conducted along this line

Longitudinal relations between gaming, physical activity, and athletic self-esteem

Background: Youth are increasingly engaged in digital games; while physical activity rates are declining. This study examines whether the amount of time children spend on gaming is related to physical activity and athletic self-esteem. Method: At ages 8, 10, 12, and 14, a community sample of children (n = 751, 379 girls) was interviewed about how often they played digital games, completed questionnaires regarding their athletic self-esteem and wore an accelerometer to measure physical activity. Results: A random intercept cross-lagged panel model using the participants as their own controls adjusting for all time-invariant potential confounding factors, revealed that increased gaming predicted reduced athletic self-esteem (B = −0.17, 95% CI: 0.26 to −0.10). Among boys aged 10 years, increased moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) predicted decreased gaming (B = −0.64, 95% CI: 1.12 to −0.16) whereas increased gaming predicted reduced MVPA at the age of 12 (B = −0.08, 95% CI: 0.12 to −0.03). These effects remained evident two years later via stability in gaming and MVPA. Conclusions: Findings suggest a developmental window for boys in middle childhood during which changes in physical activity and gaming result in longer-term cascades that endure into adolescence: increased gaming predicts reduced MVPA, whereas reduced MVPA predicts increased gaming.Longitudinal relations between gaming, physical activity, and athletic self-esteempublishedVersio

The co-occurrence between symptoms of internet gaming disorder and psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence: prospective relations or common causes?

Background: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is highlighted as a condition for further study in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM‐5). Some studies indicate that IGD appears comorbid with other psychiatric disorders. We examine concurrent and prospective links between symptoms of IGD and symptoms of common psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence to determine whether observed comorbidity is a result of (a) reciprocal relations or (b) common underlying causes. Methods: A community sample (n = 702) of Norwegian children completed the Internet Gaming Disorder Interview (IGDI) to assess DSM‐5 defined IGD symptoms at ages 10, 12 and 14 years. The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA) assessed symptoms of depression, anxiety, attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) at the same time points. Results: A Random Intercept Cross‐lagged Panel Model (RI‐CLPM), which captures pure within‐person changes and adjusts for all unmeasured time‐invariant factors (e.g., genetics, parent education) revealed no associations between IGD symptoms and psychopathology, except that increased IGD symptoms at ages 10 and 12 predicted decreased symptoms of anxiety two years later. Conclusions: No support emerged for concurrent or prospective relations between IGD and psychiatric symptoms, except in one case: increased IGD symptoms forecasted reduction in anxiety symptoms. Observed co‐occurrence between IGD symptoms and mental health problems can mainly be attributed to common underlying factorspublishedVersio