Interpolation methods for geographical data: Housing and commercial establishment markets

The estimation of commercial property prices in a touristic city can be explored through spatial interpolation methods, but in the presence of small sample sizes, auxiliary stochastic processes that are correlated with the prices of commercial establishments are needed. The aim of this paper is to compare the various estimates of commercial establishment prices in Toledo (Spain) provided by methods based on inverse distance weighting, 2-D shape functions for triangles, kriging and cokriging (the housing prices being the auxiliary stochastic process). The results indicate that kriging improves the classical interpolation methods and that cokriging has a clear advantage over kriging.

Building an Environmental Quality Index for a big city: a spatial interpolation approach with DP2

The elaboration of Environmental Quality Indexes (EQI) for big cities is one of the main topics in regional and environmental economics. One of the usual methodological paths consists of generating a single measure as a linear combination of several air contaminants applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Then, as a final step, a spatial interpolation is carried out to determine the level of contamination across the city in order to point out the so-called ‘hot points’. In this article, we propose an alternative approach to build an EQI introducing some methodological and practical novelties. From the point of view of the selection of the variables, first we will consider noise -joint to air pollution- as a relevant environmental variable. We also propose to add ‘subjective’ data -available at the census tracts level- to the group of ‘objective’ environmental variables, which are only available at a number of environmental monitoring stations. This combination leads to a mixed environmental index (MEQI), which is more complete and adequate in a socioeconomic context. From the point of view of the computation process, we use kriging to match the monitoring stations registers to the Census data. We follow an inverse process as usual, since it leads to better estimates. In a first step, we krige the environmental variables to the complete surface and finally, we elaborate the environmental index. At last, in order to build the final synthetic index, we do not use Principal Components Analysis -as it is usual in this kind of exercises- but a better one, the Pena Distance method (DP2).Environmental index, Air pollution, Noise, Subjecive expectations, Kriging, Distance indicators

El traductor jurídico y la intertextualidad : el ordenamiento jurídico como contexto comunicativo-documental del documento de partida

Este artículo trata del concepto de intertextualidad desde el derecho y desde la lingüística textual. El estudio de este tema puede ayudar a juristas y traductores a interpretar el documento. Nuestra reflexión facilita que el traductor inscriba el texto en el ordenamiento jurídico, en el conjunto de documentos negociales y, más concretamente, en los de su tipo y, finalmente, en la cadena de documentos de que forma parte. Con esa conciencia debe poder traducir los consiguientes lazos de remisión a otros documentos.This paper deals with the concept of intertextuality from the point of view both of law and textual linguistics. Studying this topic can help both legal professionals and translators to interpret the document. Our study should help the translator to fit the legal document in the legal system, in the group of all private documents and, more specifically, in those of its type and, finally, in the chain of documents it belongs to. Being aware of that helps him in turn to translate any remissions to other legal documents

Automatic generation of loop invariants

CppInv works in two stages. Firstly, it parses a source code written in a subset of C++ and abstracts all execution paths of the program building a control flow graph associated to a transition system. Paths are expressed as arbitrary propositional formulas over linear integer arithmetic including high level operators like integer division and modulo. That makes easy the initial modeling. Later, formulas are normalized and only paths between a set of locations that cover every cycle of the control flow graph are regarded. Secondly, CppInv generates linear invariants at the selected locations setting out a constraint solving problem. We present a method to discover all linear invariant of the considered form. As a result, our tool can find linear invariants efficiently for a large set of interesting programs. Moreover, CppInv is also able to generate some non-linear invariants automatically. For instance, it is possible to prove the total correctness of a program that multiplies two integers from the invariants returned by the tool