Perancangan Sistem Keamanan Pangan Pada Proses Produksi Roti (Studi Kasus Roti 99)

Roti 99 adalah salah satu industri makanan di daerah Cupak, Kabupaten Solok, Sumatera Barat yang memproduksi berbagai macam jenis olahan roti. Di dalam proses produksi pada Roti 99 terdapat potensi yang menyebabkan tercemarnya produk roti dari bahaya-bahaya mikrobiologis, kimia, dan fisik sehingga dapat merugikan konsumen. Berdasarkan observasi dan hasil wawancara ditemukan aspek-aspek yang tidak sesuai di dalam penerapan GMP dan SSOP pada Roti 99. Maka dari itu, dilakukan penelitian mengenai perancangan sistem keamanan pangan dengan tujuan untuk merancang dokumen GMP dan SSOP untuk produksi roti di Roti 99 dan menyusun dokumen rencana HACCP untuk produksi roti di Roti 99 yang akan digunakan oleh perusahaan sebagai pedoman dalam penerapan sistem HACCP. Perancangan dokumen diawali dengan identifikasi terhadap penerapan GMP dan SSOP mengenai kondisi pabrik pada Roti 99 sesuai dengan pedoman GMP yang ditetapkan oleh Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan serta 8 kunci penerapan SSOP. Selanjutnya dilakukan penyusunan rencana dokumen HACCP dengan melakukan 12 tahapan yang terdiri dari 5 tahap persiapan, dan 7 tahap kegiatan inti yang berisikan 7 prinsip HACCP. Berdasarkan hasil dari rancangan dokumen HACCP dan pedoman GMP dan SSOP dirancang dokumen SOP sesuai dengan kebutuhan Roti 99 sebagai standar keamanan pangan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah rancangan dokumen HACCP dan rancangan dokumen S OP. Rancangan dokumen HACCP terdiri dari susunan tim HACCP, deskripsi produk Roti 99, identifikasi rencana penggunaan dan sasaran konsumen, penyusunan diagram alir proses produksi Roti 99, verifikasi diagram alir, analisis bahaya potensial di dalam rancangan HACCP roti 99. Terdapat tujuh titik kendali kritis dalam proses produksi roti yaitu proses pemanggangan roti, pendinginan roti, pengisian selai/ filling roti, pengemasan, proses pemasakan selai srikaya, penimbangan pada proses pembuatan selai mentega, proses pemasakan selai coklat, tindakan monitoring, penentuan tindakan korektif, dan dokumentasi berupa form penerimaan bahan baku, form pemeriksaan suhu, dan form food safety checklist. Rancangan dokumen SOP terdiri dari SOP prosedur dan tata tertib higiene karyawan, SOP pembersihan dan sanitasi alat dan area produksi, dan SOP proses produksi

Honey bees can store and retrieve independent memory traces after complex experiences that combine appetitive and aversive associations

Real-world experiences often mix appetitive and aversive events. Understanding the ability of animals to extract, store and use this information is an important issue in neurobiology. We used honey bees as model organism to study learning and memory after a differential conditioning paradigm that combines appetitive and aversive training trials. First, we used an aversive conditioning paradigm that constitutes a clear opposite of the well-known appetitive olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension response. A neutral odour is presented paired with the bitter substance quinine. Aversive memory is evidenced later as an odour-specific impairment in appetitive conditioning. Then, we tested the effect of mixing appetitive and aversive conditioning trials distributed along the same training session. Differential conditioning protocols like this were used previously to study the ability to discriminate odours; however, they were not focused on whether appetitive and aversive memories are formed. We found that after differential conditioning, honey bees establish independent appetitive and aversive memories that do not interfere with each other during acquisition or storage. Finally, we moved the question forward to retrieval and memory expression to evaluate what happens when appetitive and the aversive learned odours are mixed during a test. Interestingly, opposite memories compete in such a way that they do not cancel each other out. Honey bees showed the ability to switch from expressing appetitive to aversive memory depending on their satiation level.Fil: Klappenbach, Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; ArgentinaFil: Lara, Agustin Eleazar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; ArgentinaFil: Locatelli, Fernando Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; Argentin

Effectiveness of xylanase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as feed additives on gas emissions from agricultural calf farms

Worldwide, agricultural farming systems, such as livestock production, face the increasing challenge of maintaining future global demand for meat and dairy products because of an expected increase in population (Wiedemann et al., 2017). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2006) expects that an increase in purchasing power for food from animal sources raises the yearly demand to 465 and 1.043 million t for meat and milk products. Besides, the FAO estimates the growth of global population to reach 9.6 billion by the y 2050 (FAO, 2016), with a doubled purchasing power for meat and dairy products. To meet this rise in demand, agricultural systems need to devise a means to adapt to the probability of dangerous climate change and become more resilient, productive and sustainable (FAO, 2016)The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of supplementing calves’ diets with exogenous enzymes (xylanase; XYL) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae [SC]) on the sustainable control of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) productions in agricultural calves farming. Three different levels of supplemented diets of XYL (0, 3 and 6 mg/g of dry matter (DM)), SC (0, 2 and 4 mg/g of DM) and mixture of XYL and SC (0, 2 mL XYL þ 2 mg SC, 6 mL XYL þ 4 mg SC/g of DM) were tested. Asymptotic gas production (GP) consistently decreased by each of the additives with the lowest value at the high dose of XYL þ SC mixture (P < 0.05) compared with the control and the low dose of XYL þ SC mixture. Methane production was reduced by additives inclusion (P < 0.05) when compared with the control treatment with no additive. Xylanase þ SC at all doses increased CO2 production (P < 0.05) whereas the high dose had the most statistically significant (P < 0.05) reduction in GP and CH4 production compared with control, XYL and SC additives at different doses. Interaction between additive and rumen liquor was observed for rate of GP (P ¼ 0.027) and initial delay before GP (P < 0.001). Inclusion of XYL, SC, and XYL þ SC mixture had less asymptotic GP while XYL þ SC mixture had the lowest initial delay (39%) before GP began. The XYL þ SC had the lowest rate of CH4 production (9%) and highest asymptotic CO2 production (81%). The findings of this study indicate that inclusion of XYL or SC additives can improve rumen fermentation and reduce greenhouse gases production. The study also established that the mixture of XYL and SC is more efficient in reducing gas and CH4 emissions for cleaner environmental production conditions in calf farming

Study of Thermal Properties on the Different Layers Composing a Commercial Ceramic Tile

In this study the thermal conductivity of a commercial ceramic is determined considering that this property is an essential factor on the building materials. This is the primary indicator of the material suitableness for energy transfer, considering that this kind of construction supplies has many applications as thermal insulations. In this sense, we consider that a commercial tile is usually composed of three layers: substrate, a so-called engine layer, and an enamel layer. Likewise, the thermal properties of the different layers were obtained individually by using two photothermal techniques on the ceramic material; the ceramic tile density was obtained using the Archimedes method. The calculated values show a wide range of thermal conductivity values for the different layers, ranging from1.3 to 4 W m¡1K¡1

Genetic link between renal birth defects and congenital heart disease

Structural birth defects in the kidney and urinary tract are observed in 0.5% of live births and are a major cause of end-stage renal disease, but their genetic aetiology is not well understood. Here we analyse 135 lines of mice identified in large-scale mouse mutagenesis screen and show that 29% of mutations causing congenital heart disease (CHD) also cause renal anomalies. The renal anomalies included duplex and multiplex kidneys, renal agenesis, hydronephrosis and cystic kidney disease. To assess the clinical relevance of these findings, we examined patients with CHD and observed a 30% co-occurrence of renal anomalies of a similar spectrum. Together, these findings demonstrate a common shared genetic aetiology for CHD and renal anomalies, indicating that CHD patients are at increased risk for complications from renal anomalies. This collection of mutant mouse models provides a resource for further studies to elucidate the developmental link between renal anomalies and CHD

Loss of Arf4 causes severe degeneration of the exocrine pancreas but not cystic kidney disease or retinal degeneration

Arf4 is proposed to be a critical regulator of membrane protein trafficking in early secretory pathway. More recently, Arf4 was also implicated in regulating ciliary trafficking, however, this has not been comprehensively tested in vivo. To directly address Arf4\u27s role in ciliary transport, we deleted Arf4 specifically in either rod photoreceptor cells, kidney, or globally during the early postnatal period. Arf4 deletion in photoreceptors did not cause protein mislocalization or retinal degeneration, as expected if Arf4 played a role in protein transport to the ciliary outer segment. Likewise, Arf4 deletion in kidney did not cause cystic disease, as expected if Arf4 were involved in general ciliary trafficking. In contrast, global Arf4 deletion in the early postnatal period resulted in growth restriction, severe pancreatic degeneration and early death. These findings are consistent with Arf4 playing a critical role in endomembrane trafficking, particularly in the pancreas, but not in ciliary function

Epigenetic repression of ROR2 has a Wnt-mediated, pro-tumourigenic role in colon cancer

Background: Wnt factors control cell differentiation through semi-independent molecular cascades known as the beta-catenin-dependent (canonical) and -independent (non-canonical) Wnt signalling pathways. Genetic and epigenetic alteration of components of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway is one of the primary mechanisms underlying colon cancer. Despite increasing evidence of the role of the non-canonical pathways in tumourigenesis, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Results: Here we report that the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2), a transmembrane receptor for Wnt factors that activates non-canonical pathways, is frequently repressed by aberrant promoter hypermethylation in human colon cancer cell lines and primary tumours. By restoring ROR2 activity in colon cancer cells harbouring ROR2 promoter hypermethylation, we show that the role of ROR2 in colon cancer cells is mediated, at least in part, by canonical Wnt and that its epigenetic-dependent loss can be pro-tumourigenic. Conclusions: Our data show the importance of epigenetic alterations of ROR2 in colon cancer, highlighting the close interconnection between canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways in this type of tumour