François Zanetti, L’Électricité médicale dans la France des Lumières

L’histoire de la médecine s’est longtemps contentée de s’intéresser aux principales innovations et aux grands hommes ayant permis des avancées majeures. De plus, elle était écrite par les médecins eux-mêmes. Depuis la fin des années 1970, l’historiographie a toutefois évolué, et la médecine est devenue un objet d’histoire sociale et culturelle. Mais de nombreux aspects restent encore dans l’ombre. La médecine de l’Ancien Régime a « mauvaise presse » (p. 2) et a souvent été considérée comme in..

Three-dimensional Segmentation of the Scoliotic Spine from MRI using Unsupervised Volume-based MR-CT Synthesis

Vertebral bone segmentation from magnetic resonance (MR) images is a challenging task. Due to the inherent nature of the modality to emphasize soft tissues of the body, common thresholding algorithms are ineffective in detecting bones in MR images. On the other hand, it is relatively easier to segment bones from CT images because of the high contrast between bones and the surrounding regions. For this reason, we perform a cross-modality synthesis between MR and CT domains for simple thresholding-based segmentation of the vertebral bones. However, this implicitly assumes the availability of paired MR-CT data, which is rare, especially in the case of scoliotic patients. In this paper, we present a completely unsupervised, fully three-dimensional (3D) cross-modality synthesis method for segmenting scoliotic spines. A 3D CycleGAN model is trained for an unpaired volume-to-volume translation across MR and CT domains. Then, the Otsu thresholding algorithm is applied to the synthesized CT volumes for easy segmentation of the vertebral bones. The resulting segmentation is used to reconstruct a 3D model of the spine. We validate our method on 28 scoliotic vertebrae in 3 patients by computing the point-to-surface mean distance between the landmark points for each vertebra obtained from pre-operative X-rays and the surface of the segmented vertebra. Our study results in a mean error of 3.41 $\pm$ 1.06 mm. Based on qualitative and quantitative results, we conclude that our method is able to obtain a good segmentation and 3D reconstruction of scoliotic spines, all after training from unpaired data in an unsupervised manner.Comment: To appear in the Proceedings of the SPIE Medical Imaging Conference 2021, San Diego, CA. 9 pages, 4 figures in tota

An Evaluation of High School Students' Change in Knowledge and Preferences towards Seafood through Education

Aquaculture and wild-caught seafood contribute to the global seafood demand, but ocean resources have exceeded a sustainable yield. To promote a sustainable future, we must educate adolescent seafood consumers on factors that have the greatest impact in driving consumption preferences. Targeting adolescents can make a difference in their present food habits and lead to conscious consumers in the future. A pre- and post-survey was developed to assess high school students' knowledge and preference for aquaculture versus wild-caught seafood before and after the implementation of an educational program. The educational program, A.Q.U.A. (A Quest to Understand Aquaculture) was developed by the Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture (CTSA) covering five lessons. Survey responses were collected from three high schools across the island of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi. Using a mental model analysis, education was found to be effective at increasing the knowledge of aquaculture and the preference for aquaculture seafood based on all four factors: ‘taste’, ‘environmental impact’, ‘health concerns’, and ‘what they eat at home’. Using analysis of variance tests, schools were found to have a significant impact on the change in knowledge of aquaculture. The study provides useful information needed to implement an effective education program into school curricula to enhance students' knowledge and promote conscious consumption for the benefit of a sustainable future. Keywords: aquaculture seafood, wild-caught seafood, education, consumption preferences, dietary behaviors DOI: 10.7176/JEP/14-34-01 Publication date: December 31st 202

Compte rendu du colloque ``L'enseignement des statistiques en sciences humaines et sociales''

Ce texte présente un compte rendu du colloque sur l'enseignement des statistiques en sciences humaines et sociales qui s'est tenu à Chicoutimi le 10 mai 2018 dans le cadre de la rencontre annuelle de l'Association francophone pour le savoir (ACFAS). Cinq conférenciers ont discuté des aspects liés à l'enseignement des statistiques. Yves Lacouture a fait un état de la situation dans plusieurs universités québécoises; Eugénie Dostie-Goulet a présenté les quatre clés pour réussir à enseigner les statistiques, soit la finalité, l'approche, le contenu et le processus; Sébastien Béland a discuté de la mesure de la statisticie; Daniel Lalande a énuméré différents facteurs psychologiques influen\IeC {\c c}ant l'apprentissage des statistiques, de l'anxiété à la motivation en passant par les buts et les attitudes; Denis Cousineau a argumenté que la source de l'anxiété statistique et la difficulté à apprendre les statistiques en général proviennent d'aptitudes cognitives réduites pour le visuospatial; finalement, William Laporte a présenté les résultats d'une étude sur des enseignants de statistique pour mettre à jour les concepts essentiels. // This text is a proceeding of the symposium on the teaching of statistics for social sciences and humanities held in Chicoutimi on May 10th, 2018 as part of the annual meeting of the Association francophone pour le savoir (ACFAS). Five presenters discussed of topics related to teaching of statistics. Yves Lacouture presented an overview of the situation in many Québec universities; Eugénie Dostie-Goulet introduced the four keys for successful teaching, finality, approach, content, process. Sébastien Béland explored measures of statisticy; Daniel Lalande enumerated psychological factors affecting learning of statistics, from anxiety to motivation, including goals and aptitudes; Denis Cousineau argued that the origin of statistics anxiety and statistics learning is to be found in reduced visuo-spatial abilities; finally, William Laporte presented results on teachers of statistics in order to uncover the essential concepts of statistics

Mild Functional Differences of Dynamin 2 Mutations Associated to Centronuclear Myopathy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Peripheral Neuropathy

The large GTPase dynamin 2 is a key player in membrane and cytoskeletal dynamics mutated in centronuclear myopathy (CNM) and Charcot-Marie Tooth (CMT) neuropathy, two discrete dominant neuromuscular disorders affecting skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves respectively. The molecular basis for the tissue-specific phenotypes observed and the physiopathological mechanisms linked to dynamin 2 mutations are not well established. In this study, we have analyzed the impact of CNM and CMT implicated dynamin 2 mutants using ectopic expression of four CNM and two CMT mutations, and patient fibroblasts harboring two dynamin 2 CNM mutations in established cellular processes of dynamin 2 action. Wild type and CMT mutants were seen in association with microtubules whereas CNM mutants lacked microtubules association and did not disrupt interphase microtubules dynamics. Most dynamin 2 mutants partially decreased clathrin-mediated endocytosis when ectopically expressed in cultured cells; however, experiments in patient fibroblasts suggested that endocytosis is overall not defective. Furthermore, CNM mutants were seen in association with enlarged clathrin stained structures whereas the CMT mutant constructs were associated with clathrin structures that appeared clustered, similar to the structures observed in Dnm1 and Dnm2 double knock-out cells. Other roles of dynamin 2 including its interaction with BIN1 (amphiphysin 2), and its function in Golgi maintenance and centrosome cohesion were not significantly altered. Taken together, these mild functional defects are suggestive of differences between CMT and CNM disease-causing dynamin 2 mutants and suggest that a slight impairment in clathrin-mediated pathways may accumulate over time to foster the respective human diseases

An online database to collate, analyze, and synthesize data on the biodiversity and ecology of intermittent rivers worldwide

Key questions dominating contemporary ecological research and management concern interactions between biodiversity, ecosystem processes, and ecosystem services provision in the face of global change. This is particularly salient for freshwater biodiversity and in the context of river drying and flow-regime change. Rivers that stop flowing and dry, herein intermittent rivers, are globally prevalent and dynamic ecosystems on which the body of research is expanding rapidly, consistent with the era of big data. However, the data encapsulated by this work remain largely fragmented, limiting our ability to answer the key questions beyond a case-by-case basis. To this end, the Intermittent River Biodiversity Analysis and Synthesis (IRBAS; http://irbas.cesab.org) project has collated, analyzed, and synthesized data from across the world on the biodiversity and environmental characteristics of intermittent rivers. The IRBAS database integrates and provides free access to these data, contributing to the growing, and global, knowledge base on these ubiquitous and important river systems, for both theoretical and applied advancement. The IRBAS database currently houses over 2000 data samples collected from six countries across three continents, primarily describing aquatic invertebrate taxa inhabiting intermittent rivers during flowing hydrological phases. As such, there is room to expand the biogeographic and taxonomic coverage, for example, through addition of data collected during nonflowing and dry hydrological phases. We encourage contributions and provide guidance on how to contribute and access data. Ultimately, the IRBAS database serves as a portal, storage, standardization, and discovery tool, enabling collation, synthesis, and analysis of data to elucidate patterns in river biodiversity and guide management. Contribution creates high visibility for datasets, facilitating collaboration. The IRBAS database will grow in content as the study of intermittent rivers continues and data retrieval will allow for networking, meta-analyses, and testing of generalizations across multiple systems, regions, and taxa

Population-specific call order in chimpanzee greeting vocal sequences

This study was funded by the Max Planck Society and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program awarded to C.C. (grant agreement no. 679787) and ERC (Prilang GA283871) and by Leverhulme Trust Research Leadership Award. Core funding for the Taï Chimpanzee Project has been provided by the Max Planck Society since 1997 and for Budongo Conservation Field station by the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland.Primates rarely learn new vocalisations, but they can learn to use their vocalizations in different contexts. Such ‘vocal usage learning’, particularly in vocal sequences, is a hallmark of human language, but remains understudied in non-human primates. We assess usage learning in four wild chimpanzee communities of Taï and Budongo Forests by investigating population differences in call ordering of a greeting vocal sequence. Whilst in all groups, these sequences consisted of pant-hoots (long-distance contact call) and pant-grunts (short-distance submissive call), the order of the two calls differed across populations. Taï chimpanzees consistently commenced greetings with pant-hoots whereas Budongo chimpanzees started with pant-grunts. We discuss different hypotheses to explain this pattern and conclude that higher intra-group aggression in Budongo may have led to a local pattern of individuals signalling submission first. This highlights how within-species variation in social dynamics may lead to flexibility in call order production, possibly acquired via usage learning.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe