Research Bibliography for Students in History 450: A list of primary and secondary sources related to the first official United States weather forecast, issued on November 8, 1870

The first official weather forecast in US history was delivered by the efforts of Increase Lapham and his colleagues at Milwaukee on November 8, 1870. At the time, Lapham was in Chicago working for what became the National Weather Service. The report concerned weather conditions on the Great Lakes as they pertained to Great Lakes shipping. This report marked the beginning of the National Weather Service and is thus significant for the history of American meteorology. This event occurred in the context of the massive post-Civil War economic boom, which led to the industrialization of the United States, a great increase in population, immigration, commerce, the specialization and professionalization of many scientific fields, the founding and funding of many American universities, and the emergence of an urban, college-trained professional class. In the same period, the various federal “homestead” acts and the agricultural bent of the new “land-grant” universities sought to transform as many Americans as possible into farmers and to apply scientific professionalism to farming. Some citizens embraced the new professionalism and science, hailing it as progress and viewing it with boundless optimism, while others resisted. Milwaukee began as a Native American village, called Minowaki (“Good Land” or “Good Country” in Ojibwe because of its rich soil and because the climate near the Lake Michigan offered more frost-free days for the Indigenous people to grow corn and other crops. Starting in the 1780s, Milwaukee became a fur-trade community dominated by the Métis, a people of mixed European and Indigenous heritage, and then an American settlement from the mid-1830s onward. By 1870 many Indigenous people remained in Milwaukee, many having returned despite being forcibly subjected to earlier processes of “removal” by the U.S. government. Many were allowed to remain on their lands, particularly if they were Christian and of mixed ancestry. A small free black population established itself, helped along by strong anti-slavery attitudes among Milwaukee’s elite, many of whom were Yankee-Yorkers. Farm women and other American women began to agitate for greater opportunities inside and outside the home, and Wisconsin experienced economic fluctuations as the state shifted from producing grain to producing dairy. The “Storm Signal Station,” as it was called in 1870, was an attempt to use a new technology to deal with an old problem, the frequency of November Great Lakes storms. The immediate impulse for its creation was the terrible storms of November 1869, in which a record number of ships and their cargoes were lost

Nutrient Management for Recirculating Hydroponics

Steady-state nutrient management is essential in hydroponic culture. Determination of an appropriate refill solution is attained using the principle of mass balance. Optimizing the ratio of nutrient elements and refill solution concentrations requires an understanding of the ratio of nutrients in tissue to water, which is measured as water use efficiency (WUE). This ratio is then multiplied by the desired concentration of nutrients in leaf tissue to determine the refill solution composition. Deep-flow hydroponics enables constant monitoring of solution parameters and root health. We have achieved a steady-state nitrogen concentration in solution by using an automated pH control system that adds a solution of 50 mM nitric acid and 200 mM ammonium sulfate. The pH remains stable throughout the life cycle as roots release a similar ratio of protons and hydroxide ions to balance uptake of either ammonium or nitrate. Daily monitoring of electrical conductivity (EC) guides adjustment of the refill solution concentration. A variable WUE and water to nutrient uptake ratio among species necessitates custom refill solutions. In our preliminary studies, wheat (Triticum aestivum) has a moderate WUE (3 g L-1) but ceases substantial nutrient uptake late in the lifecycle and the EC thus increases over time, causing nutrient accumulation in solution. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) also has a moderate WUE (3 g L-1), and the EC of the solution remains stable. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has a high WUE (6 g L-1), causing reduced EC and nutrient solution depletion. Monitoring solution compositions has allowed us to optimize the refill solution and acid addition concentration among species and lifecycle stages

An economic comparison of treatment strategies with anakinra in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA)

Introduction: Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) is a rare, complex autoinflammatory disease with substantial morbidity, often characterized by fever, rash, and muscle pain, amongst other symptoms. Biologic agents, such as anakinra, have been successfully used to treat patients internationally, but their usage in some regions is limited to patients that have failed to achieve clinically inactive disease with corticosteroids and conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs). Use of anakinra early in the disease course leads to better clinical outcomes; however, longer-term costs for this treatment strategy have not been established. This study compares the economic implications of first-line versus later-line availability of anakinra for patients with sJIA. Methods: Data for patients treated with first-line anakinra were identified from a single-center, prospective study and compared to a combination of published trial and economic evaluation information to facilitate a comparison to later-line anakinra (ie, following corticosteroids + csDMARDs). Costs were estimated for product acquisition and medical resource utilization (MRU), including planned outpatient visits and unplanned hospital admissions. Total costs over a 5-year horizon were compared. Results: Total 5-year product acquisition cost for the first-line anakinra strategy was € 24,021, and for later-line anakinra was € 20,471. The corresponding MRU costs were € 19,197 (first-line) versus € 25,425 (later-line). Overall 5-year costs (product acquisition and MRU) were lower for the first-line strategy (€ 43,218 versus € 45,896). Conclusion: The use of anakinra for patients with sJIA in the first-line setting is efficacious to induce and sustain inactive disease, and the findings of this study show that this treatment strategy leads to cost savings through reduced medical expenditure

NLL soft and Coulomb resummation for squark and gluino production at the LHC

We present predictions of the total cross sections for pair production of squarks and gluinos at the LHC, including the stop-antistop production process. Our calculation supplements full fixed-order NLO predictions with resummation of threshold logarithms and Coulomb singularities at next-to-leading logarithmic (NLL) accuracy, including bound-state effects. The numerical effect of higher-order Coulomb terms can be as big or larger than that of soft-gluon corrections. For a selection of benchmark points accessible with data from the 2010-2012 LHC runs, resummation leads to an enhancement of the total inclusive squark and gluino production cross section in the 15-30 % range. For individual production processes of gluinos, the corrections can be much larger. The theoretical uncertainty in the prediction of the hard-scattering cross sections is typically reduced to the 10 % level.Comment: 45 pages, 16 Figures, LaTex. v2: published version. Grids with numerical results for the NLL cross sections for squark and gluino production at the 7/8 TeV LHC are included in the submission and are also available at http://omnibus.uni-freiburg.de/~cs1010/susy.htm

Hadronic production of bottom-squark pairs with electroweak contributions

We present the complete computation of the tree-level and the next-to-leading order electroweak contributions to bottom-squark pair production at the LHC. The computation is performed within the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model. We discuss the numerical impact of these contributions in several supersymmetric scenarios.Comment: 33 pages, v2: preprint numbers correcte

Hadronic production of squark-squark pairs: The electroweak contributions

We compute the electroweak (EW) contributions to squark--squark pair production processes at the LHC within the framework of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). Both tree-level EW contributions, of O(alpha_s alpha + alpha^2), and next-to-leading order (NLO) EW corrections, of O(alpha_s^2 alpha), are calculated. Depending on the flavor and chirality of the produced quarks, many interferences between EW-mediated and QCD-mediated diagrams give non-zero contributions at tree-level and NLO. We discuss the computational techniques and present an extensive numerical analysis for inclusive squark--squark production as well as for subsets and single processes. While the tree-level EW contributions to the integrated cross sections can reach the 20% level, the NLO EW corrections typically lower the LO prediction by a few percent.Comment: 36 pages, 18 figure

The German version of the Bath Body Perception Disturbance Scale (BBPDS-D): Translation, cultural adaptation and linguistic validation on patients with complex regional pain syndrome

© 2018, Deutsche Schmerzgesellschaft e.V. Published by Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature - all rights reserved. Background: Besides the classical clinical manifestations, body perception disturbances are common among patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). The Bath Body Perception Disturbance Scale (BBPDS) represents auseful tool to assess these changes in CRPS patients; however, to date no validated German version is available. Objective: The aim of this study was to translate the BBPDS into German, to perform across-cultural adaptation and linguistic validation in patients with acute (symptom