South Dakota Town-Country Trade Relations: 1901-1931

There are certain mutual implications to farmer and merchant that grow out of the new life habits of the farm population as they bear on the present depression. The focal position of rural income as a factor in industrial prosperity has been recognized as never before in American history. Town business enterprises have, in recent years, expanded to meet the new shopping needs of the farmer, and to profit by his increased buying power. The deflation of the farm income has consequently dealt the rural trade center a stunning blow which has been reflected in wholesaling and manufacturing as well as retailing throughout the entire nation. The deflated agricultural income prohibits the farmer, on the other hand, from exercising many of his acquired buying habits. Rural isolation has been broken down by the automobile, the public road, the radio, and the telephone; home drudgery has been lightened by modern conveniences, by purchasing ready-made apparel, factory prepared foods, baker\u27s bread, creamery butter, etc., but these expenditures demand a cash income which the farmer does not now possess. The changed economic situation is compelling many farm families to return temporarily to a greater simplicity in living habits. Such a condition is painful for the farmer and if prolonged means ruin for many merchants. Out of this situation is growing a realization on the part of both farmer and tradesman that the town is the farmer\u27s town. It lives on his prosperity, and the farm family in turn shares the best in American mechanical improvements and social welfare by being able to purchase its goods

The Growth and Decline of South Dakota Trade Centers: 1901-1933

Considerable interest has been shown in recent years in the future prospect for the small farm trade center. This interest has grown out of the threat of modern means of communication and transportation as well as that of the growing prosperity of the larger city to the welfare of the small town. Sociologists have approached the problem with a view to learning what is happening in various sections of the country, and on the basis of the knowledge acquired, being able to predict what the immediate future holds for the small town as a trade center and market for the farm family. Studies dealing with various angles of the problem of changing town country relations covering widely different areas throughout the United States have been made. Among these is a study entitled South Dakota Town-Country Trade Relations, 1901-1931,2 which summarizes the influences of such factors as changes in merchandising methods, the growth of cities, the rising standard of rural living, the growth of new types of chain stores, and other factors, all of which have greatly modified in recent years, the small trade center in South Dakota and the farmer\u27s relationship with it. In carrying out the previous study it was discovered that existing trade centers in South Dakota represent a select group, for during a period of approximately thirty years, several hundred new centers have appeared and several hundred others have disappeared. The discovery of this fact led to the present study which is concerned with learning the reasons why one trade center disappears while another nearby trade center succeeds, why a new trade center appears within a few miles distance to take the place of an older but unsuccessful one. Closely allied with this problem is that of why certain centers have grown beyond expectation while others have remained stationary, and still others have declined. In this study an attempt is made to answer these questions in at least a general way. It would be impractical to treat all trade centers in the state individually, but directing attention to general tendencies may have some predictive value for the individual trade center as well as for the individual mercantile enterprise

Rural Relief in South Dakota, with Special Attention to Rural Relief Families under the New Deal Rural Relief Program

The relief situation in South Dakota is due primarily to drought and only indirectly due to the nation-wide depression Rainfall has been below normal for every year except two since 1923, and during one of these years barely reached normal. The period January 1, 1930 to January 1, 1934 climaxes the longest period of drought the State has seen since weather bureau records have been kept. One can safely conclude that the state would have needed relief in the year 1933 had there been no depression. It is true that the preceding years of drouth and depression had exhausted reserves, thus expanding relief needs to unusual proportions

Acute TNFα levels predict cognitive impairment 6-9 months after COVID-19 infection.

A neurocognitive phenotype of post-COVID-19 infection has recently been described that is characterized by a lack of awareness of memory impairment (i.e., anosognosia), altered functional connectivity in the brain's default mode and limbic networks, and an elevated monocyte count. However, the relationship between these cognitive and brain functional connectivity alterations in the chronic phase with the level of cytokines during the acute phase has yet to be identified. Determine whether acute cytokine type and levels is associated with anosognosia and functional patterns of brain connectivity 6-9 months after infection. We analyzed the predictive value of the concentration of acute cytokines (IL-1RA, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IFNγ, G-CSF, GM-CSF) (cytokine panel by multiplex immunoassay) in the plasma of 39 patients (mean age 59 yrs, 38-78) in relation to their anosognosia scores for memory deficits via stepwise linear regression. Then, associations between the different cytokines and brain functional connectivity patterns were analyzed by MRI and multivariate partial least squares correlations for the whole group. Stepwise regression modeling allowed us to show that acute TNFα levels predicted (R <sup>2</sup> = 0.145; β = -0.38; p = .017) and were associated (r = -0.587; p < .001) with scores of anosognosia for memory deficits observed 6-9 months post-infection. Finally, high TNFα levels were associated with hippocampal, temporal pole, accumbens nucleus, amygdala, and cerebellum connectivity. Increased plasma TNFα levels in the acute phase of COVID-19 predict the presence of long-term anosognosia scores and changes in limbic system functional connectivity

Brain functional connectivity alterations associated with neuropsychological performance 6-9 months following SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Neuropsychological deficits and brain damage following SARS-CoV-2 infection are not well understood. Then, 116 patients, with either severe, moderate, or mild disease in the acute phase underwent neuropsychological and olfactory tests, as well as completed psychiatric and respiratory questionnaires at 223 ± 42 days postinfection. Additionally, a subgroup of 50 patients underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging. Patients in the severe group displayed poorer verbal episodic memory performances, and moderate patients had reduced mental flexibility. Neuroimaging revealed patterns of hypofunctional and hyperfunctional connectivities in severe patients, while only hyperconnectivity patterns were observed for moderate. The default mode, somatosensory, dorsal attention, subcortical, and cerebellar networks were implicated. Partial least squares correlations analysis confirmed specific association between memory, executive functions performances and brain functional connectivity. The severity of the infection in the acute phase is a predictor of neuropsychological performance 6-9 months following SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes long-term memory and executive dysfunctions, related to large-scale functional brain connectivity alterations

Field Measurements of Terrestrial and Martian Dust Devils

Surface-based measurements of terrestrial and martian dust devils/convective vortices provided from mobile and stationary platforms are discussed. Imaging of terrestrial dust devils has quantified their rotational and vertical wind speeds, translation speeds, dimensions, dust load, and frequency of occurrence. Imaging of martian dust devils has provided translation speeds and constraints on dimensions, but only limited constraints on vertical motion within a vortex. The longer mission durations on Mars afforded by long operating robotic landers and rovers have provided statistical quantification of vortex occurrence (time-of-sol, and recently seasonal) that has until recently not been a primary outcome of more temporally limited terrestrial dust devil measurement campaigns. Terrestrial measurement campaigns have included a more extensive range of measured vortex parameters (pressure, wind, morphology, etc.) than have martian opportunities, with electric field and direct measure of dust abundance not yet obtained on Mars. No martian robotic mission has yet provided contemporaneous high frequency wind and pressure measurements. Comparison of measured terrestrial and martian dust devil characteristics suggests that martian dust devils are larger and possess faster maximum rotational wind speeds, that the absolute magnitude of the pressure deficit within a terrestrial dust devil is an order of magnitude greater than a martian dust devil, and that the time-of-day variation in vortex frequency is similar. Recent terrestrial investigations have demonstrated the presence of diagnostic dust devil signals within seismic and infrasound measurements; an upcoming Mars robotic mission will obtain similar measurement types

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans – anteaters, sloths, and armadillos – have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with 24 domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, ten anteaters, and six sloths. Our dataset includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data-paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the south of the USA, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to its austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n=5,941), and Cyclopes sp. has the fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n=11,588), and the least recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n=33). With regards to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n=962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other datasets of Neotropical Series which will become available very soon (i.e. Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans dataset