The Effect of AI Teammate Ethicality on Trust Outcomes and Individual Performance in Human-AI Teams

This study improves the understanding of trust in human-AI teams by investigating the relationship of AI teammate ethicality on individual outcomes of trust (i.e., monitoring, confidence, fear) in AI teammates and human teammates over time. Specifically, a synthetic task environment was built to support a three person team with two human teammate and one AI teammate (simulated by a confederate). The AI teammate performed either an ethical or unethical action in three missions and measures of trust in the human and AI teammates were taken after each mission. Results from the study revealed that unethical actions by the AT had a significant effect on nearly all of the outcomes of trust measured and that levels of trust were dynamic over time for both the AI and human teammates, with the AI teammate recovering trust to Mission 1 levels by Mission 3. AI ethicality was mostly unrelated to participants trust in their fellow human teammate but did decrease perceptions of fear, paranoia, and skepticism in them and trust in the human and AI teammate was not significantly related to individual performance outcomes, which both diverge from previous trust research in human-AI teams utilizing competency-based trust violations

Integration of meteorology and geomorphology for enhanced understanding of post-fire debris-flow hazards

Through precipitation, the fields of meteorology and geomorphology are fundamentally linked, thus interdisciplinary efforts are needed to advance understanding and warning of rainfall-driven geohazards. With a focus on recent efforts specific to post-fire debris flows in California, our presentation provides an overview of the benefits and challenges of working in an interdisciplinary team of meteorologists and geomorphologists, as well as results of a recent project demonstrating advancement through the integration of these fields. In this project, we combine high-resolution ensemble precipitation forecasts with post-fire debris-flow models to explore the feasibility and potential value of providing probabilistic post-fire debris-flow hazard information over a burn scar. In sharing these examples, we emphasize the multi-benefit nature of these efforts, and encourage future interdisciplinary efforts that improve warning and mitigation of rainfall-driven geohazards

Multimodal brain imaging reveals structural differences in Alzheimer's disease polygenic risk carriers: A study in healthy young adults

Background Recent genome-wide association studies have identified genetic loci that jointly make a considerable contribution to risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Because neuropathological features of AD can be present several decades before disease onset, we investigated whether effects of polygenic risk are detectable by neuroimaging in young adults. We hypothesized that higher polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for AD would be associated with reduced volume of the hippocampus and other limbic and paralimbic areas. We further hypothesized that AD PRSs would affect the microstructure of fiber tracts connecting the hippocampus with other brain areas. Methods We analyzed the association between AD PRSs and brain imaging parameters using T1-weighted structural (n = 272) and diffusion-weighted scans (n = 197). Results We found a significant association between AD PRSs and left hippocampal volume, with higher risk associated with lower left hippocampal volume (p = .001). This effect remained when the APOE gene was excluded (p = .031), suggesting that the relationship between hippocampal volume and AD is the result of multiple genetic factors and not exclusively variability in the APOE gene. The diffusion tensor imaging analysis revealed that fractional anisotropy of the right cingulum was inversely correlated with AD PRSs (p = .009). We thus show that polygenic effects of AD risk variants on brain structure can already be detected in young adults. Conclusions This finding paves the way for further investigation of the effects of AD risk variants and may become useful for efforts to combine genotypic and phenotypic data for risk prediction and to enrich future prevention trials of AD

Snowmelt-triggered debris flows in seasonal snowpacks

Snowmelt-triggered debris flows commonly occur in mountains. On 14 June 2019, a debris flow occurred on a steep, east-facing slope composed of unconsolidated glacial and periglacial sediments in Yosemite National Park. Originating as a shallow landslide, ~1,300m3 of ripe snow was instantaneously entrained into the debris flow carrying boulders, trees, and soil downslope. The forested area at the toe of the slope strained out debris leaving a muddy slurry to issue across Highway 120 during dewatering. We document this mass movement and assesses its initiation using local snowpack and meteorological data as well as a regional atmospheric reanalysis to examine synoptic conditions. A multiday warming trend and ripening of the snowpack occurred prior to the event as a 500 hPa ridge amplified over western North America leading to record warm 700 hPa temperatures. Anomalous temperatures and cloud cover prevented refreezing of the snowpack and accelerated its ripening with meltwater contributing to soil saturation. Similar conditions occurred during the catastrophic 1983 Slide Mountain debris flow, also hypothesized to be snowmelt initiated. With projected increases in heat waves, our findings can support natural hazard early warning systems in snow-dominated environments

A hazard model of the probability of medical school dropout in the United Kingdom

From individual level longitudinal data for two entire cohorts of medical students in UK universities, we use multilevel models to analyse the probability that an individual student will drop out of medical school. We find that academic preparedness—both in terms of previous subjects studied and levels of attainment therein—is the major influence on withdrawal by medical students. Additionally, males and more mature students are more likely to withdraw than females or younger students respectively. We find evidence that the factors influencing the decision to transfer course differ from those affecting the decision to drop out for other reasons

Addressing ethical challenges in HIV prevention research with people who inject drugs

Despite recent advances in HIV prevention and treatment, high HIV incidence persists among people who inject drugs (PWID). Difficult legal and political environments and lack of services for PWID likely contribute to high HIV incidence. Some advocates question whether any HIV prevention research is ethically justified in settings where healthcare system fails to provide basic services to PWID and where implementation of research findings is fraught with political barriers. Ethical challenges in research with PWID include concern about whether research evidence will be translated into practice; concerns that research might exacerbate background risks; and ethical challenges regarding the standard of HIV prevention in research. While these questions arise in other research settings, for research with PWID, these questions are especially controversial. This paper analyses four ethical questions in determining whether research could be ethically acceptable: (1) Can researchers ensure that research does not add to the burden of social harms and poor health experienced by PWID? (2) Should research be conducted in settings where it is uncertain whether research findings will be translated into practice? (3) When best practices in prevention and care are not locally available, what standard of care and prevention is ethically appropriate? (4) Does the conduct of research in settings with oppressive policies constitute complicity? We outline specific criteria to address these four ethical challenges. We also urge researchers to join the call to action for policy change to provide proven safe and effective HIV prevention and harm reduction interventions for PWID around the world

Correction: The psychiatric phenotypes of 1q21 distal deletion and duplication.

Copy number variants are amongst the most highly penetrant risk factors for psychopathology and neurodevelopmental deficits, but little information about the detailed clinical phenotype associated with particular variants is available. We present the largest study of the microdeletion and -duplication at the distal 1q21 locus, which has been associated with schizophrenia and intellectual disability, in order to investigate the range of psychiatric phenotypes. Clinical and cognitive data from 68 deletion and 55 duplication carriers were analysed with logistic regression analysis to compare frequencies of mental disorders between carrier groups and controls, and linear mixed models to compare quantitative phenotypes. Both children and adults with copy number variants at 1q21 had high frequencies of psychopathology. In the children, neurodevelopmental disorders were most prominent (56% for deletion, 68% for duplication carriers). Adults had increased prevalence of mood (35% for deletion [OR = 6.6 (95% CI: 1.4–40.1)], 55% for duplication carriers [8.3 (1.4–55.5)]) and anxiety disorders (24% [1.8 (0.4–8.4)] and 55% [10.0 (1.9–71.2)]). The adult group, which included mainly genetically affected parents of probands, had an IQ in the normal range. These results confirm high prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with CNVs at 1q21 but also reveal high prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in a high-functioning adult group with these CNVs. Because carriers of neurodevelopmental CNVs who show relevant psychopathology but no major cognitive impairment are not currently routinely receiving clinical genetic services widening of genetic testing in psychiatry may be considered

The Yuan-Tseh Lee Array for Microwave Background Anisotropy

The Yuan-Tseh Lee Array for Microwave Background Anisotropy (AMiBA) is the first interferometer dedicated to studying the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation at 3mm wavelength. The choice of 3mm was made to minimize the contributions from foreground synchrotron radiation and Galactic dust emission. The initial configuration of seven 0.6m telescopes mounted on a 6-m hexapod platform was dedicated in October 2006 on Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Scientific operations began with the detection of a number of clusters of galaxies via the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect. We compare our data with Subaru weak lensing data in order to study the structure of dark matter. We also compare our data with X-ray data in order to derive the Hubble constant.Comment: accepted for publication in ApJ (13 pages, 7 figures); a version with high resolution figures available at http://www.asiaa.sinica.edu.tw/~keiichi/upfiles/AMiBA7/pho_highreso.pd