The Role of Streptococcus mutans and Pathogenesis in the Oral cavity

        The oral cavity is a complex environment system where certain bacteria coexist with human chemical compounds. However, changes in the natural structure of the bacteria may lead to the onset of oral disease, such as periodontitis and tooth decay. A number of different environments exist in the human oral cavity, colonized by more than 600 types of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including the teeth, gingival sulcus, hard and soft palates, and tonsils, but only a limited number of these types can cause tooth infection .    The purpose from this study  is an attempt to establish which characteristics associated with biofilm formation—virulence determinants of S. mutans—are responsible for the development of dental caries    The review concluded the bacterial components that contribute to each of the major virulence properties and these are work together in the development of dental caries

Demographic, Clinical, and Biomedical Profile of Diabetic Patients Receiving Home Healthcare in Saudi Arabia

Background: Identifying characteristics of diabetic patients receiving home healthcare will help in designing services that respond to their conditions and improve their health status and quality of life. The aim of this study was to describe the demographic, clinical, and biomedical characteristics of diabetic patients receiving HHC. Methods and Results: We used a descriptive cross-sectional design, and data were collected from 251 medical records of diabetic patients in two home healthcare centers in Saudi Arabia. The collected data included demographic, clinical, and biomedical profile variables. The average age was 74.7±11.6 years, with most patients (93.2%) aged 60 or older. The most common treatment modality was multiple daily insulin injections with or without oral medication (38.6%), followed by oral medication with sulfonylurea (19.9%). Pressure injury was the most reported complication/comorbidity, affecting 33.1% of patients. Cerebrovascular disease came next, affecting 20.7% of patients, followed by cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, and nephropathy, affecting 12.3%, 10%, and 6.4% of patients, respectively. Only 4.2% of patients experienced hypoglycemia, and only 5.6% of patients were hospitalized due to DM complications. The mean HbA1c was 7.6±1.7%, with approximately 71.7% of the diabetic patients having HbA1c8% (P<0.0001). The median (range) LDL was 2.93 (1-317) mmol/L. The median (range) eGFR was 76.6 (9-389) mL/min/1.73m2. Around 48% of the population had an eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73m2. Conclusion: Our findings show satisfactory glycemic control, acceptable LDL levels, low incidence of hypoglycemia, and minimal hospital admissions

Synthesis and Structure Determination of Substituted Thiazole Derivatives as EGFR/BRAFV600E^{V600E} Dual Inhibitors Endowed with Antiproliferative Activity

2,3,4-trisubstituted thiazoles 3a–i, having a methyl group in position four, were synthesized by the reaction of 1,4-disubstituted thiosemicarbazides with chloroacetone in ethyl acetate/Et$_3$N at room temperature or in ethanol under reflux. The structures of new compounds were determined using NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analyses. Moreover, the structure of compound 3a was unambiguously confirmed with X-ray analysis. The cell viability assay of 3a–i at 50 µM was greater than 87%, and none of the tested substances were cytotoxic. Compounds 3a–i demonstrated good antiproliferative activity, with GI$_{50}$ values ranging from 37 to 86 nM against the four tested human cancer cell lines, compared to the reference erlotinib, which had a GI$_{50}$ value of 33 nM. The most potent derivatives were found to be compounds 3a, 3c, 3d, and 3f, with GI50 values ranging from 37 nM to 54 nM. The EGFR-TK and BRAF$^{V600E}$ inhibitory assays’ results matched the antiproliferative assay’s results, with the most potent derivatives, as antiproliferative agents, also being the most potent EGFR and BRAF$^{V600E}$ inhibitors. The docking computations were employed to investigate the docking modes and scores of compounds 3a, 3c, 3d, and 3f toward BRAF$^{V600E}$ and EGFR. Docking computations demonstrated the good affinity of compound 3f against BRAF$^{V600E}$ and EGFR, with values of −8.7 and −8.5 kcal/mol, respectively

Heparin for Vertebral Intraluminal Thrombus Causing Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage from Occult Renal Angiomyolipoma

Stroke is a common cause of mortality and serious long-term disability worldwide. In the acute setting, current American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines do not recommend routine anticoagulation for the management of acute ischemic strokes. However, short-term use of unfractionated heparin (UFH) in select subpopulations has demonstrated improved outcomes. While tools such as CHADSVASC and HASBLED scores are useful in stratifying risk of long-term anticoagulation in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and additional risk factors, the carefully selected patient populations for the design of these studies do not account for risk of hemorrhage from other preexisting conditions. Here, we present a patient with a posterior circulation intraluminal thrombus treated with UFH, who manifested with a near-fatal intra-abdominal hemorrhage from a previously undetected renal angiomyolipoma (AML)

Synthesis and Structure Determination of Substituted Thiazole Derivatives as EGFR/BRAFV600E Dual Inhibitors Endowed with Antiproliferative Activity

2,3,4-trisubstituted thiazoles 3a–i, having a methyl group in position four, were synthesized by the reaction of 1,4-disubstituted thiosemicarbazides with chloroacetone in ethyl acetate/Et3N at room temperature or in ethanol under reflux. The structures of new compounds were determined using NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analyses. Moreover, the structure of compound 3a was unambiguously confirmed with X-ray analysis. The cell viability assay of 3a–i at 50 µM was greater than 87%, and none of the tested substances were cytotoxic. Compounds 3a–i demonstrated good antiproliferative activity, with GI50 values ranging from 37 to 86 nM against the four tested human cancer cell lines, compared to the reference erlotinib, which had a GI50 value of 33 nM. The most potent derivatives were found to be compounds 3a, 3c, 3d, and 3f, with GI50 values ranging from 37 nM to 54 nM. The EGFR-TK and BRAFV600E inhibitory assays’ results matched the antiproliferative assay’s results, with the most potent derivatives, as antiproliferative agents, also being the most potent EGFR and BRAFV600E inhibitors. The docking computations were employed to investigate the docking modes and scores of compounds 3a, 3c, 3d, and 3f toward BRAFV600E and EGFR. Docking computations demonstrated the good affinity of compound 3f against BRAFV600E and EGFR, with values of −8.7 and −8.5 kcal/mol, respectively

Le monument à double couronne d’Antakari 3 en République de Djibouti

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Clinical Consequences for Individuals Treated with Tocilizumab for Serious COVID-19 Infection

There seem to currently be no therapeutic medications found for the severe coronavirus infection in 2019 (COVID-19). In light of this, it has been hypothesized that the immunomodulatory treatment known as tocilizumab can lessen the inflammatory response that occurs in the respiratory system, speed up the process of clinical benefit, lower the risk of death, and avert the need for ventilators. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) studied patients with a proven infection of SARS-CoV-2 and hyperinflammatory reactions. The inclusion criteria included fever (body temperature > 38 °C), pulmonary infiltrates, or supplemental oxygen. The patients received either conventional treatment with one dose of either tocilizumab (8 mg per kilogram of body weight) or conventional treatment only. The subjects were randomized to receive either treatment with a 1:1 ratio. A time-to-event test was conducted to determine the time to intubation or death. There was an insignificant difference between the investigated groups regarding the time to death, time to mechanical ventilation, and percentage of deaths. The conventional group’s median (IQR) hospital length of stay was 4 (3–6) days, whereas the tocilizumab therapy group was 7 (4.75–10) days. There was a substantial difference in the mechanical ventilation rates in both groups, which were 17 (34%) and 28 (56%), respectively. In hospitalized patients with severe illness and COVID-19, tocilizumab was ineffective in preventing intubation or death. Trials must be larger, however, in order to exclude the potential benefits or harms

Climatic variations in the Lake Abhe area since the end of the Pleistocene (Djibouti): the transition from the last hunter-gatherers-fishers to the first herders in the Horn of Africa and their resiliency

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