Compressive properties of the whole TMJ disc

In this study, the dynamic and static compressive properties of the whole porcine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc were investigated. The aim of the study was to develop a new simple method for the evaluation of joint viscoelasticity, enabling examination of the load-bearing capacity and joint flexibility of the entire disc. For the experiments, a novel testing fixture that reproduces the condylar and fossa surfaces of the TMJ was developed to replicate TMJ disc geometry. Ten porcine discs were used in the experiments. Each disc was dissected from the TMJ and sinusoidal compressive strain was applied to obtain the storage and loss moduli. Static strain control tests were carried out to obtain the relaxation modulus. The result of static and dynamic tests indicated that the whole disc presented viscoelastic behavior under compression. Storage and loss moduli increased with frequency and the relaxation modulus decreased over time. The loss tangent showed less frequency dependence, with values ranging from 0.2 to 0.3, suggesting that the viscous properties of the disc cannot be neglected. These results provide a better understanding of whole disc mechanical compression behavior under realistic TMJ working conditions

Viscoelastic properties of the central region of porcine temporomandibular joint disc in shear stress-relaxation

In this study, shear relaxation properties of the porcine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc are investigated. Previous studies have shown that, in fatigue failure and damage of cartilage and fibrocartilage, shear loads could be one of the biggest contributors to the failure. The aim of the present study is to develop an evaluation method to study shear properties of the disc and to do a mathematical characterization of it. For the experiments, twelve porcine discs were used. Each disc was dissected from the TMJ and, then, static strain control tests were carried out to obtain the shear relaxation modulus for the central region of the discs. From the results, it was found that the disc presents a viscoelastic behavior under shear loads. Relaxation modulus decreased with time. Shear relaxation was 10% of the instantaneous stress, which implies that the viscous properties of the disc cannot be neglected. The present results lead to a better understanding of the discs mechanical behavior under realistic TMJ working conditions

Cálculo de elementos de vidrio en edificación: propuesta de norma española

RESUMEN. El presente artículo describe un modelo probabilístico de cálculo de placas de vidrio y el procedimiento que permite la determinación de la carga admisible en determinados tipos de vidrio, como propuesta de una nueva norma española de vidrio estructural. Una vez caracterizado el material, el modelo, implementado en el programa Windesign, permite el cálculo de la probabilidad de fallo para una placa de vidrio monolítico de dimensiones dadas sometida a una determinada carga, o en su caso, la determinación del espesor de placa capaz de resistir una carga conocida para una probabilidad de fallo dada. Asimismo se presenta un estudio comparativo entre los resultados obtenidos para el modelo aquí propuesto y varias normas extranjeras de vidrio, tales como la norma americana ASTM E 1300-02, la italiana UNI 7143-72, la francesa NFP 78-201-1 y la neozelandesa NZS 4223.ABSTRACT. This paper reports on a probabilistic model for design of glass plates and the procedure to determine the allowable load of specified types of glass, as a proposal for a new Spanish code for structural glass. After the experimental material characterization, the design model, implemented in the Windesign software, allows the user to calculate either the probability of failure of a monolithic glass plate for a given dimensions and specific loading, or to determine the plate thickness needed to withstand a known loading for a given probability of failure. Moreover, a comparative analysis among the results obtained by the model proposed here and the current foreign glass design standards, such as the American ASTM E 1300-02, the Italian UNI 7143-72, the French NFP 78-201-1 and the New Zealander NZS 4223 is presented

Modelización y contraste experimental del comportamiento mecánico del vidrio laminado estructural = Modelling and experimental contrast of the mechanical behaviour of structural laminated glass

This paper presents a numerical simulation of the mechanical behaviour of laminated glass plates (glass- PVB-glass) and its experimental verification. The viscoelastic characterization of the intermediate layer of PVB has been done by means of stress relaxation tests at various temperatures. The consideration of PVB as a viscoelastic material permits to analyze the real response of the structural element of laminated glass under time variations of temperature, of application of loading, of stress state, etc. Displacements obtained with the numerical analysis have been verified experimentally with laminated glass plates under lateral load using close range photogrammetry and dial gauges indicators. The analysis of results confirms the time dependent behaviour of the glass-PVB-glass laminate and suggests the validity of the proposed model.Este trabajo presenta la simulación numérica del comportamiento mecánico de placas de vidrio laminado (vidrio-PVB-vidrio) y su comprobación experimental. La caracterización viscoelástica de la lámina intermedia de PVB se ha realizado mediante ensayos de relajación de tensiones a diversas temperaturas. La consideración del PVB como material viscoelástico permite analizar la respuesta real del elemento estructural de vidrio laminado ante variaciones en el tiempo de la temperatura, de la velocidad de aplicación de las cargas, del estado tensional, etc. Los desplazamientos obtenidos numéricamente han sido contrastados experimentalmente en placas de vidrio laminado sometidas a carga lateral mediante fotogrametría de objeto cercano y relojes comparadores. Del análisis de los resultados se confirma el comportamiento variable en el tiempo del conjunto vidrio-PVB-vidrio y se deduce la validez de la modelización propuesta

Study of the Time-Temperature-Dependent behaviour of PVB: application to laminated glass elements

The mechanical behavior of laminated glass elements is governed by material properties of the interlayer, the Polyvinyl Butiral (PVB) being the most used interlayer material in these elements. PVB is a viscoelastic material whose mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, shear modulus, etc.) depend mainly on the load application time and the temperature. Thus an adequate mechanical characterization of the PVB must be performed in order to predict the response of laminated glass elements with a good accuracy In this work, PVB specimens were subjected to static relaxation tests and to dynamic experimental tests (frequency domain) at different temperatures from -〖15〗^o C to 〖50〗^o C using a DMTA equipment. Then the curves at different temperatures were related using the William-Landel-Ferry (WLF) Time-Temperature Superposition (TTS) model to obtain the mastercurve of both the time and frequency domain Young’s moduli of the PVB. Finally, a viscoelastic Prony based model was fitted to the experimental data and used, afterwards, to simulate numerically the static and dynamic behaviour of different laminated glass elements at different temperatures. The numerical simulations were compared with the static and dynamic experimental results achieving a good accuracy in both the static deflections and the natural frequencies. With respect to the damping, the discrepancies are less than 22%

A probabilistic design model proposal for structural glass plates

This paper reports on the probabilistic models for design of glass plates and the subsequent procedure to determine the allowable load of specified types of glass, as a proposal for the new Spanish code for structural glass. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the current national glass design standards, such as the American ASTM E 1300-02, the Italian UNI 7143-72, the French NFP 78-201-1 and the New Zealander NZS 4223 is presented

Aprendizaje colaborativo en Teoría de Estructuras

Resumen basado en el de los autoresGrado en Ingeniería Mecánica (Universidad de Oviedo)Se presenta un ejemplo de implementación de un modelo de aprendizaje colaborativo en la asignatura de Teoría de Estructuras y Construcciones Industriales, fácilmente extrapolable a otras áreas de la ingeniería. El objetivo perseguido con este proyecto es conseguir un aprovechamiento positivo del trabajo del alumno fuera del aula a la par que fomentar la interacción entre los compañeros para alcanzar metas de aprendizaje comunes. Durante el transcurso del curso los alumnos han realizado una serie de talleres en los que han planteado enunciados de problemas relacionados con la asignatura, los han resuelto en grupos de 2 o 3 personas y los han corregido mediante un sistema de corrección por pares. De este modo, la colección de ejercicios resueltos disponible para el alumno aumenta en cada curso, a la par que el nivel de la asignatura. En general, el proyecto ha sido recibido positivamente por los alumnos, ha tenido un impacto positivo en el aprendizaje de los alumnos y ha contribuido a un seguimiento de la asignatura más constante, lo que se ha puesto de manifiesto mediante un alto incremento de la utilización de las horas de tutoría durante todo el curso.ES

Aprendizaje colaborativo en Teoría de Estructuras

Congreso Universitario de Innovación Educativa En las Enseñanzas Técnicas, CUIEET (26º. 2018. Gijón

Probabilistic Assessment of Fracture Toughness of Epoxy Resin EPOLAM 2025 Including the Notch Radii Effect

Many design scenarios of components made of polymer materials are concerned with notches as representative constructive details. The failure hazard assessment of these components using models based on the assumption of cracked components leads to over-conservative failure estimations. Among the different alternative approaches proposed that are based on the apparent fracture toughness, KcN is considered. In so doing, the current deterministic underlying concept must be replaced by a probabilistic one to take into account the variability observed in the failure results in order to ensure a reliable design. In this paper, an approach based on the critical distance principle is proposed for the failure assessment of notched EPOLAM 2025 CT samples with each different notch radii (ρ) including a probabilistic assessment of the failure prediction. First, each apparent fracture toughness is transformed into the equivalent fracture toughness for ρ=0 based on the critical distances theory. Then, once all results are normalized to the same basic conditions, a Weibull cumulative distribution function is fitted, allowing the probability of failure to be predicted for different notch radii. In this way, the total number of the specimens tested in the experimental campaign is reduced, whereas the reliability of the material characterization improves. Finally, the applicability of the proposed methodology is illustrated by an example using the own experimental campaign performed on EPOLAM 2025 CT specimens with different notch radii (ρ)