The fatty acid composition of cod liver oil

The fatty acid composition has been determined using group separation by thin layer partition chromatography in conjunction with gas liquid chromatography. Values are given for 41 acids as percentages of the sum varying between 0.1 % and 20.6 %. These results have been compared with the results from nine similar studies reported during the last five years. Mean values have been calculated for the eleven major fatty acids, and coefficients of variation are given. A fairly uniform fatty acid composition for cod liver oil emerged from these data. The dominating acid is oleic acid C18:1 (25 %), followed by the five acids C16:0 (11 %), C16:1 (9 %), C20:1 (11 %), C20:5 (9 %) and C22:6 (10 %). A comparison of laboratory extracted oils and commercial cod liver oil has also been reported. A short historical review is given, and the results of two older different methods of analysis are compared with the present results

The fatty acid composition of herring oils

Herring oil production in different areas of the world has been reviewed, and the possible variations of the fatty acid composition has been discussed. The literature on the determination of fatty acids in such oils has been reviewed, and results for six different species have been compiled together with some results from the present study. The fatty acid compositions of fat from four different organs from herring (Clupea harengus) have been reported. A gas chromatographic method suitable for the identification of different herring oils has been recommended

CO2-O2 Interactions in Extension of Tolerance to Acute Hypoxia

Advantageous and/or detrimental influences associated with purposeful deviations from atmospheric levels of O2 and CO2 are studied. Specific goals have been directed to simulating situations of emergency or accidental exposure to hypoxic (10% O2) environments. They included establishing dynamic effects of hypoxia with and without CO2 (rate of acute adaptation), and stable-state (equilibrium) effects on blood and brain oxygenation. They also included effects on the physiological parameters of respiration and blood gas composition which underlie brain oxygenation. For 10% O2, a complete experiment consisted of three identical rest-exercise phases of 32 minutes duration. Following a five minute air control period, each inspired gas was administered over the next 27 minutes. The test gases were room air control, 10% +/- 0.1% O2 with 4% +/- 0.1% CO2, and 10% +/- 0.1% O2. A minimum of 45 minutes separated each phase. Relative to inspiration of 10% O2, brain oxygenation is enhanced by addition of 4% CO2. This is accomplished by increasing the rate at which O2 in arterial blood is supplied to the brain circulation (well above even the normoxic level), and on relative improvement in the arterial pressure of O2

Influence of dietary fat on the fatty acid pattern of muscle and liver lipids in rainbow trout (Sabno gairdneri)

Groups of one year old rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were fed diets supplemented with 13% of rape seed oil, olive oil, linseed oil or sunflower seed oil. The fishes were kept in fresh water of a temperature about 10°C throughout the 5 weeks experimental period. Random samples of fish were taken at 0, 1, 3 and 5 weeks, boneless filets taken from the back and livers were collected for analysis. The composition of the major fatty acids was determined in fats extracted from the diets and the samples of organs. The results showed the effect of the dietary fatty acids on the deposition in liver and filets. In all groups the major fatty acid of the supplemented fat increased in filets and livers already after one week. The increases continued during the feeding period for fat from the filets, whereas the livers showed the most pronounced increases after one week, followed by moderate increases or even a decrease after 3 and 5 weeks on the diets. There was a corresponding decrease in the percentage values for all other fatty acids except those which are synthesized from the dietary acids or from the metabolic pool. Linoleic and linolenic acids, which are polar (mobile) acids, increased more rapidly and to higher percentage values than the less polar monoene acids of chain length 20 and 22

Alpha-Tocopherol in Some Marine Organisms and Fish Oils

A study has been made of a-tocopherol in some marine sources. Apart from commercial oils, which were of normal quality, care was taken to ensure fresh material. The a-tocopherol contents have been determined in eleven marine oils, four liver oils and seven body oils. The liver oils showed values from 35-700 µg per g. Cod liver oil ranged from 150-225, whereas Greenland shark liver oil showed very high contents, 300-700 µg a-tocopherol per g. The body oils normally contained 20-80 µg per g, thus eight samples of unspecified fish oils for hydrogenation showed 40-70 µg per g. Capelin oil showed high values, 50-230 µg per g. Fish livers varied greatly, the highest values were found in wrasse and catfish with respectively 108-180 and 290-300 µg a-tocopherol per g. Estimated. values for the liver oils were in the order of 200 µg per g for most species studied, exceptions were again wrasse and catfish with 1540 and 3100 µg per g, respectively. Values of this extremely high order were confirmed in additional analysis on extracted oils from these species. The muscle of ten species of fish were analysed. The a-tocopherol contents varied from 1.0 to 16 µg per g, with a clear tendency for fat fillets to show the highest values. Estimation of the contents in the fats showed values generally in the order 300-500 µg a-tocopherol per g. Some values were confirmed on extracted oils. The distribution of a-tocopherol in different organs were studied on male and female herring, cod and coalfish. There was a striking difference between the content in the liver of the male and female herring. Both were in the spawning state and the male contained ten times more than the female, the estimated values for the liver fat being respectively 7000 and 700 µg per g. No difference of importance could be observed between the testis (soft roe) and ovaries (hard roe), with 32 and 41 µg per g, respectively. The pyloric caeca showed similar values for all species, 8-18 µg per g. The a-tocopherol content of ten species of echinoderms and mollusks were investigated. The analysis refer to the whole animal except for the squid. The values were in the order 4-15 µg per g fresh weight, and approx. 100 µg per g dry weight. Exceptions were the littoral snails periwinckle and limpet, with approx. 40 and 150 µg per g fresh weight, or approx. 200 and 1000 µg per g dry weight, respectively. The high values in the limpet was confirmed in extracted oils. Fat extracted from the deep sea prawn showed 950 µg a-tocopherol per g

Development of A “PharmaComm” Serious Game for Teaching Pharmacist Communication and Drug Administration in a Virtual Hospital Setting

Practical experience is crucial in pharmacy education, but it can be difficult to provide pharmacy students with a sufficient level of experience during their education due to a number of challenges. Video games might provide a platform where students can gain positive learning experience in a virtual environment. Serious games have been used successfully across many industries, which suggest that a well-designed serious game can have positive learning outcomes. Increased engagement and motivation are mentioned by experts as some of the main benefits of serious games. Being able to practise skills before utilising them in real-world scenarios is another advantage identified. In this paper, we present a virtual patient simulator which is designed specifically teaching pharmacy students patient communication and administration of drugs. A pilot study and an expert review were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the application and its findings are presented

Work Capability and physiological effects predictive studies. 4: In He-O2 excursions to pressures of 400- 800- 1200- and 1600 feet of sea water

Experiments which exposed men in chambers, breathing helium with oxygen, to progressive increases of pressure equivalent to 400-800-1200-1600 feet of sea water (fsw) were conducted. Rates of compression and exposure to stable high pressure. Goals included: 1) determination of the specific character and time course of onset of physiological and performance decrements during the intentionally rapid compressions, and determination of rates of adaptation on reaching stable elevated pressure; 2) investigation of accelerated methods for decompression in deep saturation excursion diving; and 3) determination of competence in practical work performed in water at pressures equivalent to the extreme diving depths of 1200 and 1600 fsw