QUALITE DES POISSONS VENDUS AU PORT DE PECHE ARTISANAL DE COTONOU (POPAC)

The cleanliness of the environment we live in is one of the major concerns of environmental management, and human actions should contribute to all men and women’s well-being. The aim of this study is to analyse the influence of the fishing communities’ behaviour on the quality of the fish at the traditional Fishing Harbour in Cotonou. The methodology used has made it possible to use the statistics available on the fish, the fishermen and the wholesale fishmongers, to do literature review, to conduct interviews, to watch, to ask questions and to develop tools with a sample of fishermen and wholesale fishmongers. The data collected so far have been processed and analysed. Given the results achieved, it is possible to say that the fishing community of the traditional Fishing Harbour in Cotonou is made up of many stakeholders. Most consumers of fishing products go to the Fishing Harbour in Cotonou to buy these products. Before the fish leaves the fishermen’s row-boats and gets to the consumers, its quality deteriorates. The fishing community contributes to polluting the fish sold at the harbour. The various tests carried out (on the area, the fish, the water and the ice) in IRGIB-Africa’s laboratory in 2012 revealed the presence of total coliform counts, fecal coliforms, staphylococcus and anaerobics and some sulfite. The tests indicate that 70% of the fish contain disease-causing flora, 80% contain fecal coliforms, 70% contain staphylococcus and 70% contain anaerobic germs and a level of sulfite which is higher than the required standards. These elements show that the fish sold at the Fishing Harbour in Cotonou is polluted

CM-Path Molecular Diagnostics Forum-consensus statement on the development and implementation of molecular diagnostic tests in the United Kingdom.

BACKGROUND: Pathology has evolved from a purely morphological description of cellular alterations in disease to our current ability to interrogate tissues with multiple 'omics' technologies. By utilising these techniques and others, 'molecular diagnostics' acts as the cornerstone of precision/personalised medicine by attempting to match the underlying disease mechanisms to the most appropriate targeted therapy. METHODS: Despite the promises of molecular diagnostics, significant barriers have impeded its widespread clinical adoption. Thus, the National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) Cellular Molecular Pathology (CM-Path) initiative convened a national Molecular Diagnostics Forum to facilitate closer collaboration between clinicians, academia, industry, regulators and other key stakeholders in an attempt to overcome these. RESULTS: We agreed on a consensus 'roadmap' that should be followed during development and implementation of new molecular diagnostic tests. We identified key barriers to efficient implementation and propose possible solutions to these. In addition, we discussed the recent reconfiguration of molecular diagnostic services in NHS England and its likely impacts. CONCLUSIONS: We anticipate that this consensus statement will provide practical advice to those involved in the development of novel molecular diagnostic tests. Although primarily focusing on test adoption within the United Kingdom, we also refer to international guidelines to maximise the applicability of our recommendations

Etude structurale des agrégats bactériens : conséquence sur l'activité biologique et la décantation

Ce travail a pour objectif de mieux comprendre et de mesurer la structure des agrégats bactériens présents dans les boues activées au cours des procédés d'assainissement biologique des eaux urbaines. Afin de mener à bien l'étude structurale des agrégats bactériens, il a fallu développer de façon théorique et expérimentale un outil de mesure structurale in situ. On a ainsi mis au point une nouvelle méthode de mesure expérimentale de la structure des agrégats fractals par diffusion de la lumière. Cette méthode permet en outre de calculer la distribution granulométrique des systèmes agrégés en tenant compte de leur géométrie fractale. Une campagne de mesure réalisée sur 10 stations d'épuration différentes a permis de déterminer les caractéristiques structurales (dimensions fractales comprises entre 2.09 et 2.33) et granulométriques des flocs bactériens issus du procédé d'assainissement biologique. Il est établi que les boues activées sont constituées de flocs bactériens de grandes tailles (100-3000um). La décantation des flocs bactériens est d'autant meilleure que les agrégats formés au cour des procédés sont grands, monodisperses en taille et compacts. Le Fer joue un rôle important dans la décantation des flocs. Le Calcium et le Magnésium forment des ponts cationiques au sein de la matrice de polymères exocellulaires sans pour autant influer sur la structure des flocs. Afin d'optimiser la décantation et l'activité biologique de ces agrégats, on étudie la floculation d'Escherichia coli et d'eaux brutes décantées par des polymères cationiques synthétiques. On montre que la floculation est très efficace. Les propriétés de dégradation du substrat sont totalement conservées alors que la quantité de biomasse est réduite d'au plus 30% en utilisant des polymères de forte cationicité. Il apparaît donc que la floculation ait donné naissance à des agrégats possédant moins de zones biologiquement inactives. La cinétique de floculation est très rapide et donne naissance à une population d'agrégats assez monodisperses vers les grandes tailles (supérieures à 100 um). Cependant la modélisation des flocs de boues activées par les agrégats issus de la floculation contrôlée d'eaux brutes décantées ne donne pas toujours entière satisfaction. Cette inadéquation met en évidence l'importance de l'impact des conditions d'exploitation du procédé sur la floculation.AIX-MARSEILLE3-BU Sc.St Jérô (130552102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Caractérisation des bases moléculaires de la résistance à un inhibiteur de la protéase du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) (le darunavir)

L utilisation répandue des inhibiteurs de la protéase (IPs) dans la prise en charge de l infection à VIH-1 est accompagnée par l émergence de souches virales avec une résistance croisée au sein de cette classe qui à long terme peut compromettre l efficacité des IPs. Il est donc important de connaître et de comprendre les différents mécanismes impliqués dans la résistance, notamment à l IP de dernière génération: le darunavir. Dans un premier temps, nous avons déterminé le profil de mutations associées à la réponse virologique au darunavir/ritonavir chez des patients infectés par le VIH-1 et déjà traités par des IPs. Nous avons identifié huit mutations avec un impact négatif sur la réponse virologique et deux avec un effet positif, et ainsi construit un score génotypique prédictif de la réponse virologique sur notre population. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons déterminé les mutations de résistance sélectionnées lors d un échec au darunavir et les facteurs associés à la sélection de ces mutations. Ces facteurs sont un haut niveau de charge virale à l initiation, un petit nombre d inhibiteurs nucléosidiques de la transcriptase inverse utilisés simultanément avec le darunavir, et la présence du codon sauvage à la position L76V. Nous avons confirmé que des déterminants génétiques dans la protéase et dans gag affectent le risque de sélection de mutations de résistance au darunavir. Ainsi, la résistance au darunavir peut être expliquée par des mécanismes complexes impliquant des interactions entre les différentes mutations présentes sur l ensemble du génome. Des études complémentaires sont maintenant nécessaires pour évaluer l utilité de leur détection en pratique clinique.PARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

HIV Replication Is Not Controlled by CD8+ T Cells during the Acute Phase of the Infection in Humanized Mice.

HIV replication follows a well-defined pattern during the acute phase of the infection in humans. After reaching a peak during the first few weeks after infection, viral replication resolves to a set-point thereafter. There are still uncertainties regarding the contribution of CD8(+) T cells in establishing this set-point. An alternative explanation, supported by in silico modeling, would imply that viral replication is limited by the number of available targets for infection, i.e. CD4(+)CCR5(+) T cells. Here, we used NOD.SCID.gc(-/-) mice bearing human CD4(+)CCR5(+) and CD8(+) T cells derived from CD34(+) progenitors to investigate the relative contribution of both in viral control after the peak. Using low dose of a CCR5-tropic HIV virus, we observed an increase in viral replication followed by "spontaneous" resolution of the peak, similar to humans. To rule out any possible role for CD8(+) T cells in viral control, we infected mice in which CD8(+) T cells had been removed by a depleting antibody. Globally, viral replication was not affected by the absence of CD8(+) T cells. Strikingly, resolution of the viral peak was equally observed in mice with or without CD8(+) T cells, showing that CD8(+) T cells were not involved in viral control in the early phase of the infection. In contrast, a marked and specific loss of CCR5-expressing CD4(+) T cells was observed in the spleen and in the bone marrow, but not in the blood, of infected animals. Our results strongly suggest that viral replication during the acute phase of the infection in humanized mice is mainly constrained by the number of available targets in lymphoid tissues rather than by CD8(+) T cells

Specific deletion of CD4⁺CCR5⁺ T cells in the periphery but not in the blood.

<p>Frequencies of CCR5⁺ in CD45⁺CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells (a) and of CD4⁺ in CD45⁺CD3⁺ T cells (b) measured in the blood before and 23 days after infection of HIV-infected NSG HuMice (ns = not significant from a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test) (c) A representative FACS profile showing depletion of CCR5⁺ cells in the spleen of an infected animal is pictured. Numbers indicate the frequency of positive-cells in the depicted gate. FMO = Fluorescence minus one (d) Frequencies of CCR5⁺ cells in human CD45⁺CD3⁺ cells from the spleen and the bone marrow (BM) 37 days after HIV infection (HIV+). In this experiment, 25 weeks-old NSG HuMice were infected with 50 ng p24 of CCCR5-tropic HIV. Control mice (HIV^-) are non-infected NSG HuMice from two independent experiments euthanized at 13 and 17 weeks of age. Statistical significance was determined using the Holm-Sidak method, with alpha = 5.0%.</p

Prophylaxis by doravirine-lamivudine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or elvitegravir-cobicistat-emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide after sexual exposure to HIV

Abstract HIV post- exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is a prevention tool for individuals with a recent potential exposure to HIV. Doravirine has been available since 2019 in combination with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and lamivudine and has not been evaluated as a PEP. DOR/3TC/TDF is our department’s most commonly prescribed PEP treatment since 2021. This study evaluates the completion rate of the DOR/3TC/TDF as compared to EVG/c/FTC/TAF for PEP, which was the regimen prescribed until 2020 in our hospital. This retrospective observational study was conducted between January 2020 and September 2021. The subjects included consecutively were adults who consulted for an HIV sexual exposure accident and for whom DOR/3TC/TDF in 2021 or EVG/c/FTC/TAF in 2020 was prescribed. The outcomes were the completion rate to the end of treatment (28 days), the seroconversion rate, and the description of side effects. During the study period, 311 people were included: 140 treated with DOR/3TC/TDF and 171 treated with EVGc/FTC/TAF. Considering subjects with a follow-up visit, the completion rate was 96.8% (90/93) in the DOR/3TC/TDF group, and 94.6% (123/130) in the EVG/c/FTC/TAF group (p-value: 0.53). The number of people lost to follow-up was nearly equivalent in both groups: 27.1% (38/140) in the DOR/3TC/TDF group and 23.4% (40/171) in the EVG/c/FTC/TAF group (p-value: 0.45). A side effect was described for 38% (36/94) in the DOR/3TC/TDF group, and 29.7% (38/128) in the EVG/c/FTC/TAF group. No cases of seroconversion were observed. DOR/3TC/TDF appears to have a similar safety profile to EVG/c/FTC/TAF. Due to its lower cost, it seems to be a treatment option for consideration in the context of HIV-exposure accidents

Impact of CD8 T cell depletion on early viral replication in HIV-infected NSG HuMice

<p>(a) Representative FACS profile of a CD8/CD4 staining in CD45⁺CD3⁺ cells from the blood 50 days after injection of PBS or 10 mg/kg of a chimeric anti-CD8 depleting antibody (+MT807R1) in 17 weeks-old NSG HuMice. (b) Viral loads (VL) were determined by Cobas Roche PCR in 17 to 36-weeks old NSG HuMice infected with 15 to 25 ng p24 of CCR5-tropic viruses 3 days after injection of PBS or the CD8-depleting antibody (CD8-depleted) (c) Area under the curve (AUC) was determined based on viremia in the blood of HuMice treated with PBS or the CD8-depleting antibody (CD8-depleted) and infected 3 days later with a CCR5-tropic HIV (Bal or NL4A8). (n.s = p>0.05 from a Mann-Whitney test).</p

Evaluation of a rapid diagnostic assay for detection of SARS CoV-2 antigen in nasopharyngeal swab

International audienc