Modélisation de la dynamique de l'oxygène dissous dans l'estuaire de la Gironde

The Gironde estuary shows frequent events of hypoxia, particularly during summer in the Garonne tidal river near the city of Bordeaux, in the presence of a dense turbidity maximum, when river discharge is low and water is warm. Field observations reveal that decreases in oxygen concentrations are linked to the combination natural processes (inputs from the watershed and sediment hydrodynamics) and anthropogenic processes (loads of partially treated urban waters). In order to quantify the mechanisms controlling the temporal and spatial variations of dissolved oxygen, a 3D biogeochemical model was coupled to the hydro-sedimentary model. It allowed simulate the transport of solutes and suspended material, the biological reactions consuming oxygen, and the re-aeration by the atmosphere. The biogeochemical model reproduces satisfactorily the seasonal and neap-spring time scale variations of dissolved oxygen around the city of Bordeaux and quantifies the relative contribution of urban and watershed inputs to oxygen consumption. When used to simulate future conditions (50 years), the model indicates that summer hypoxia will likely increase in the future, due to the increase in water temperatures and decrease in river discharge (droughts), and increase in population in the megacity of Bordeaux. Simulation of different management scenarios indicate that support for low-water river discharge, improvement of waste water treatments, and eventually a displacement of urban load downstream will be necessary in order to avoid a drastic alteration of the quality of the aquatic system.L’estuaire de la Gironde est sujet à des épisodes d’hypoxie très marqués en été dans la Garonne estuarienne autour de Bordeaux, lorsque le bouchon vaseux y est très concentré, le débit fluvial faible et la température élevée. Les observations indiquent que la diminution des concentrations en oxygène est liée à la combinaison des facteurs naturels (apports par le bassin versant et hydrodynamique sédimentaire) et anthropiques (rejets d’eaux urbaines partiellement traitées). Afin de quantifier les mécanismes contrôlant les variations temporelles et spatiales de l’oxygène dissous, un modèle biogéochimique a été couplé à un modèle hydro-sédimentaire à 3D, capable de simuler le transport des variables dissoutes et particulaires, les réactions consommant l’oxygène, et la ré-aération par l’atmosphère. Le modèle biogéochimique reproduit bien les variations d’oxygène dans la Garonne à Bordeaux à l’échelle saisonnière et lunaire et permet de quantifier les contributions relatives des rejets urbains et des apports du bassin versant à la consommation en oxygène. Utilisé pour simuler des conditions futures (d’ici à 50 ans), le modèle indique que les phénomènes d’hypoxie estivale ont tendance à s’amplifier dans la Garonne estuarienne du fait de l’augmentation de la température de l’eau, de la diminution des débits fluviaux et de l’augmentation de la population dans l’agglomération bordelaise. Les simulations de différents scenarii de gestion indiquent que des soutiens d’étiage, une amélioration du traitement des eaux urbaines et éventuellement un transfert des rejets vers l’aval seraient nécessaires pour éviter une altération drastique de la qualité du milieu aquatique

Modelling of dissolved oxygen dynamics in the Gironde estuary

L’estuaire de la Gironde est sujet à des épisodes d’hypoxie très marqués en été dans la Garonne estuarienne autour de Bordeaux, lorsque le bouchon vaseux y est très concentré, le débit fluvial faible et la température élevée. Les observations indiquent que la diminution des concentrations en oxygène est liée à la combinaison des facteurs naturels (apports par le bassin versant et hydrodynamique sédimentaire) et anthropiques (rejets d’eaux urbaines partiellement traitées). Afin de quantifier les mécanismes contrôlant les variations temporelles et spatiales de l’oxygène dissous, un modèle biogéochimique a été couplé à un modèle hydro-sédimentaire à 3D, capable de simuler le transport des variables dissoutes et particulaires, les réactions consommant l’oxygène, et la ré-aération par l’atmosphère. Le modèle biogéochimique reproduit bien les variations d’oxygène dans la Garonne à Bordeaux à l’échelle saisonnière et lunaire et permet de quantifier les contributions relatives des rejets urbains et des apports du bassin versant à la consommation en oxygène. Utilisé pour simuler des conditions futures (d’ici à 50 ans), le modèle indique que les phénomènes d’hypoxie estivale ont tendance à s’amplifier dans la Garonne estuarienne du fait de l’augmentation de la température de l’eau, de la diminution des débits fluviaux et de l’augmentation de la population dans l’agglomération bordelaise. Les simulations de différents scenarii de gestion indiquent que des soutiens d’étiage, une amélioration du traitement des eaux urbaines et éventuellement un transfert des rejets vers l’aval seraient nécessaires pour éviter une altération drastique de la qualité du milieu aquatique.The Gironde estuary shows frequent events of hypoxia, particularly during summer in the Garonne tidal river near the city of Bordeaux, in the presence of a dense turbidity maximum, when river discharge is low and water is warm. Field observations reveal that decreases in oxygen concentrations are linked to the combination natural processes (inputs from the watershed and sediment hydrodynamics) and anthropogenic processes (loads of partially treated urban waters). In order to quantify the mechanisms controlling the temporal and spatial variations of dissolved oxygen, a 3D biogeochemical model was coupled to the hydro-sedimentary model. It allowed simulate the transport of solutes and suspended material, the biological reactions consuming oxygen, and the re-aeration by the atmosphere. The biogeochemical model reproduces satisfactorily the seasonal and neap-spring time scale variations of dissolved oxygen around the city of Bordeaux and quantifies the relative contribution of urban and watershed inputs to oxygen consumption. When used to simulate future conditions (50 years), the model indicates that summer hypoxia will likely increase in the future, due to the increase in water temperatures and decrease in river discharge (droughts), and increase in population in the megacity of Bordeaux. Simulation of different management scenarios indicate that support for low-water river discharge, improvement of waste water treatments, and eventually a displacement of urban load downstream will be necessary in order to avoid a drastic alteration of the quality of the aquatic system

Comparing the efficiency of hypoxia mitigation strategies in an urban, turbid tidal river, using a coupled hydro sedimentary–biogeochemical model

International audienceIn view of future coastal hypoxia widespreading, it is essential to define management solutions to preserve a good quality of coastal ecosystems. The lower Tidal Garonne River (TGR, SW France), characterized by the seasonal presence of a turbidity maximum zone and urban water discharges, is subject to episodic hypoxia events during summer low river flow periods. The future climatic conditions (higher temperature; summer droughts) but also an increasing urbanization could enhance hypoxia risks near the city of Bordeaux in the next decades. A 3D model of dissolved oxygen (DO), which couples hydrodynamics, sediment transport and biogeochemical processes, is used to assess the efficiency of different management solutions on TGR oxygenation during summer low-discharge periods. We have runned different scenarios of reduction of urban sewage overflows, displacement of urban discharges downstream from Bordeaux, and/or temporary river flow support during summer period. The model shows that each option limits hypoxia, but with variable efficiency over time and space. Sewage overflow reduction improves DO levels only locally near the city of Bordeaux. Downstream relocation of wastewater discharges allows to reach better oxygenation level in the lower TGR. The support of low river flow limits the upstream TMZ propagation and dilutes TGR waters with well-oxygenated river waters. Scenarios combining wastewater network management and low water replenishment indicate an improvement in water quality over the entire TGR. These modelling outcomes constitute important tools for local water authorities to develop the most appropriate strategies to limit hypoxia in TG

Future intensification of summer hypoxia in the tidal Garonne River (SW France) simulated by a coupled hydro sedimentary-biogeochemical model

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Comparing the efficiency of hypoxia mitigation strategies in an urban, turbid tidal river via a coupled hydro-sedimentary–biogeochemical model

International audienceCoastal-water hypoxia is increasing globally due to global warming and urbanization, and the need to define management solutions to improve the water quality of coastal ecosystems has become important. The lower tidal Garonne River (TGR; southwestern France), characterized by the seasonal presence of a turbidity maximum zone (TMZ) and urban water discharge, is subject to episodic hypoxia events during low river flow periods in the summer. Future climatic conditions (higher temperature and summer droughts) and increasing urbanization could enhance hy-poxia risks near the city of Bordeaux in the coming decades. A 3-D model of dissolved oxygen (DO) that couples hydrodynamics, sediment transport and biogeochemical processes was used to assess the efficiency of different management solutions for oxygenation of the TGR during summer low-discharge periods. We ran different scenarios of reductions in urban sewage overflows, displacement of urban discharges downstream from Bordeaux and/or temporary river flow support during the summer period. The model shows that each option mitigates hypoxia, but with variable efficiency over time and space. Sewage overflow reduction improves DO levels only locally near the city of Bordeaux. Downstream relocation of wastewater discharges allows for better oxygenation levels in the lower TGR. The support of low river flow limits the upstream TMZ propagation and dilutes the TGR water with well-oxygenated river water. Scenarios combining wastewater network management and low-water replenishment indicate an improvement in water quality over the entire TGR. These modelling outcomes constitute important tools for local water authorities to develop the most appropriate strategies to limit hypoxia in the TGR. Highlights.-A 3-D model shows different efficiencies of management actions to limit hypoxia.-Downstream relocation of wastewater discharge totally mitigates hypoxia.-Sewage overflow reduction improves DO levels but only locally

Impact of urban effluents on summer hypoxia in the highly turbid Gironde Estuary, applying a 3D model coupling hydrodynamics, sediment transport and biogeochemical processes

Estuaries are increasingly degraded due to coastal urban development and are prone to hypoxia problems. The macro-tidal Gironde Estuary is characterized by a highly concentrated turbidity maximum zone (TMZ). Field observations show that hypoxia occurs in summer in the TMZ at low river flow and a few days after the spring tide peak. In situ data highlight lower dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations around the city of Bordeaux, located in the upper estuary. Interactions between multiple factors limit the understanding of the processes controlling the dynamics of hypoxia. A 3D biogeochemical model was developed, coupled with hydrodynamics and a sediment transport model, to assess the contribution of the TMZ and the impact of urban effluents through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and sewage overflows (SOs) on hypoxia. Our model describes the transport of solutes and suspended material and the biogeochemical mechanisms impacting oxygen: primary production, degradation of all organic matter (i.e. including phytoplankton respiration, degradation of river and urban watershed matter), nitrification, and gas exchange. The composition and the degradation rates of each variable were characterized by in situ measurements and experimental data from the study area. The DO model was validated against observations in Bordeaux City. The simulated DO concentrations show good agreement with field observations and satisfactorily reproduce the seasonal and neap-spring time scale variations around the city of Bordeaux. Simulations show a spatial and temporal correlation between the formation of summer hypoxia and the location of the TMZ, with minimum DO centered in the vicinity of Bordeaux. To understand the contribution of the urban watershed forcing, different simulations with the presence or absence of urban effluents were compared. Our results show that in summer, a reduction of POC from SO would increase the DO minimum in the vicinity of Bordeaux by 3% of saturation. Omitting discharge from SO and WWTPs, DO would improve by 10% of saturation and mitigate hypoxic events

Biogeochemical model of nitrogen cycling in Ahe (French Polynesia), a South Pacific coral atoll with pearl farming

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Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in the Bay of Marseille (NW Mediterranean Sea) and the Rhône River

International audienceFour perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were analyzed in 62 duplicate surface water samples from the Rhône River and Marseille Bay (France; NW Mediterranean Sea). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was detected in all samples and exceeded the European Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) values in over 80% of the cases. The most contaminated samples were from the Rhône River (up to 200 ng L-1 ∑ 4 PFAS), as well as those collected near a wastewater treatment plant outlet in Marseille Bay (up to 9 ng L −1 ∑ 4 PFAS). While PFOS was the predominant PFAS in Marseille Bay, remarkably high concentrations of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) were measured in the Rhône River (8-193 ng L −1). The relative abundances of individual compounds differed thus significantly between the Rhône River and Marseille Bay, indicating different sources. A simulation made with the MARS3D model showed that PFOS inputs from the Rhône River can enter Marseille Bay at levels > EQS

Implementation and assessment of a carbonate system model (Eco3M-CarbOx v1.1) in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal site (Bay of Marseille, France)

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