Leaf Anatomy Profile of Begonia Section Platycentrum Sphenanthera Group From Java and Sumatera, Indonesia

The anatomical study was carried out through paradermal and cross-section of Begonia leaves, particularly on section Platycentrum – Sphenanthera group that collected from Java and Sumatra. A total of six individu of four Begonia species were used in this study, namely Begonia multangula, B. longifolia, B. pseudoscottii, and B. robusta. This study aimed to describe the anatomical characters of the leaves that are useful in the identification and grouping of Begonia section Platycentrum – Sphenanthera. The anatomical preparations used the paraffin method for the cross-section of leaves and the semi-permanent method for paradermal observations. In general, the epidermal cells of paradermal Begonia leaves are polygonal in shape. Consistently, Begonias have single-type stomata with an anisocytic type which are only present on the abaxial leaves. Begonia Sphenanthera group have a thin cuticle (less than 2 µm), both in the abaxial and adaxial surfaces. The lower epidermis cells are smaller than the upper epidermis cells. The mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy tissue. The number and form of mesophyll tissue are varied, therefore useful for diagnostic an important character in the grouping of Begonias from this section.

Micropropagation of Three Endemic Begonias Using Various Hormones Concentration and Culture Media Application

Three species of Begonias endemic to Java and Sumatra, namely Begonia leuserensis, Begonia atricha and Begonia scottii, were conserved in Cibodas Botanic Gardens as sources of germplasm for ornamental plant and/or medicines. However, the information on efficient hormones concentration and their culture media application through an in vitro propagation effort is still limited. Therefore, this study aimed to explain the growth response of three species of Begonias using various hormones concentrations and culture media through in vitro propagation. The culture media using Murashige & Skoog (MS) media that combinedwith 6-Benzyladenine (BA) dan Thidiazuron (TDZ) hormones in different concentrations i.e. 0.5 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 2 mg/L, and 3 mg/L. Observation parameter included shoot number, plantlets height, and leaves number. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the F test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that three species of Begonias were observed to have different growth responses in the combination of MS+BA and MS+TDZ media. The combination of MS+TDZ media produces more shoots number, while the combination of MS+BA media influenced higher in leaves number. A concentration of 0.5 mg/L of hormone showed a good regeneration, therefore were recommended for in vitro propagation of Begonia species

The Growth Response of Rendeu (Staurogyne elongata (Neese) Kuntze) to Shoot Pruning and Its Propagation by Shoot Cutting

Rendeu (Staurogyne elongata (Neese) Kuntze) is a native Indonesian plant used as food and traditional medicine in the daily life of the people residing around Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park. Due to the potential source of herbal-based medicines and traditional food in the long-run purposes, the proper method of its propagation is required, so that Rendeu can be conserved and utilised sustainably. This study employed two research designs. First, a completely randomized design with pruning and IAA (indole-3 acetic acid) treatment was used for seedling growths. Second, plant propagation applied a factorial randomized block design: planting media types and plant growth regulator (PGR) (rootone F) treatment. Observation included the number of buds, number of leaves, number of flowers, plant biomass, root length, and relative chlorophyll content using the SPAD tool. The data were analysed using ANOVA (SPSS ver. 17.0), followed by Pearson correlation analysis. The results showed that applying IAA and leaf pruning could increase the number of buds, the number of leaves and the fresh weight of S. elongata plants compared to the control plant. The addition of rootone increased the growth of Rendeu shoot cuttings, shown in all growth parameters and chlorophyll content. Humus was the best media for Rendeu’s growth among all planting medium.  Planting media affected the increase in the number of leaves and the number of buds of S. elongata significantly. The interaction of planting media and PGR somewhat influenced root length and total leaf chlorophyll. The growth and production of S. elongata increased with the time of planting.

Pengelolaan dan Pengayaan Koleksi Biji Begonia di Bank Biji Kebun Raya Cibodas Jawa Barat

AbstrakBank biji merupakan salah satu solusi yang baik dalam pemeliharaan plasma nutfah secara ex-situ, karena dianggap lebih efektif dan efisien dalam penyimpanan. Bank biji di Kebun Raya Cibodas (KRC) telah mengoleksi 147 jenis biji dari 102 marga dan 61 suku. Penyimpanan biji ukuran kecil masih menjadi suatu tantangan dan peluang tersendiri untuk diteliti dan dikembangkan. Dalam tulisan ini akan dibahas mengenai pengelolaan dan pengayaan koleksi biji ukuran kecil, seperti Begonia, di bank biji KRC. Prosedur pengelolaan biji di bank biji KRC meliputi pemanenan, pemrosesan, pengujian, dan penyimpanan biji. Tiap jenis biji akan diberi nomor koleksi sesuai prosedur di bank biji. Pengujian viabilitas biji menggunakan metode cut test dan uji Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC). Biji-biji yang dikoleksi di bank biji KRC berasal dari tumbuhan koleksi kebun dan hasil eksplorasi biji secara khusus di wilayah Jawa dan Sumatra. Terdapat 12 penambahan jenis biji Begonia di bank biji KRC, antara lain Begonia multangula, B. muricata, B. isoptera, B. areolata, B. stictopoda, B. repanda, B. chiasmogyna, dan B. atricha yang berasal dari Gunung Tilu, Jawa Barat dan Gunung Slamet, Jawa Tengah. Uji viabilitas menggunakan TTC menunjukkan warna merah dengan perlakuan perendaman 24 jam dan pre-treatment pada B. repanda. B. longifolia memiliki karakter simpan serupa biji ortodoks berdasarkan studi literatur dan 100 seed test termodifikasi.AbstractSeed bank is a good solution for ex-situ germplasm maintenance. It is considered more effective and efficient in storage. The seed bank at Cibodas Botanic Gardens (CBG) has collected 128 types of seeds from 102 genera and 61 families. Storage of microscopic seeds still be a challenge and opportunity to be observered and developed. In this paper, we will discuss the management and enrichment of microscopic seed collections, such as Begonia, at the CBG’s seed bank. Seed management procedures at the CBG’s seed bank include harvesting, processing, testing and storage of seeds. Each type of seed will be assigned a collection number according to the procedure at the seed bank. The seed viability test used the cut test method and the Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC) test. The seeds collected from collection plants of CBG and seed exploration specifically in Java and Sumatra. There are 12 additional species of Begonia seeds in the CBG’s seed bank, including Begonia multangula, B. muricata, B. isoptera, B. areolata, B. stictopoda, B. repanda, B. chiasmogyna, and B. atricha from Mount Tilu, West Java and Mount Slamet, Central Java. Viability test using TTC showed a red color with 24 hours immersion treatment and pre-treatment on B. repanda. B. longifolia has storage characteristics similar to orthodox seeds based on literature studies and 100 modified seed tests

Evaluasi Kesintasan dan Pertumbuhan Beberapa Jenis Pohon Lokal di Area Restorasi Cagar Biosfer Cibodas

One of the threats faced with Cibodas Biosphere Reserve area is the changes of forest area into plantation. Various efforts were made by Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park (TNGP) management to restore the area to its original function.  One of the efforts is planting trees in the ex-plantation area that has been abandoned by the farmers. In 2016, Cibodas Botanics Garden was collaborated with TNGP to plant native trees species that had potency of high carbon sequestration. Six hundreds seedlings from 12 native trees species were planted ie, Altingia excelsa Noronha, Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC., Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC., Castanopsis tunggurut (Blume) A.DC, Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub., Euonymus indicus B. Heyne ex Wall., Lithocarpus indutus (Blume) Rehder, Magnolia blumei Prantl, Persea rimosa Zoll. ex Meisn., Syzygium acuminatissimum (Blume) DC., Sloanea sigun (Blume) K. Schum., and Schima wallichii Choisy. The observations of evaluation done by January, February and July 2016. Parameters were observed are plant height, root collar diameter and crown width. Then, the data were analyzed by RGR (Relative Growth Rate) and RPI (Relative Performance Index). The results of observation during six months after planting shown that the average survival rate was 60.56%, with the largest survival rates were Altingia excelsa and Castanopsis javanica (80%). Castanopsis tunggurut was the lowest survival rate than the other plants (33,33%). The best growth rate is shown by Schima wallichii. In this case, obstructed plant growth is caused by the high density of weeds and shrubs so that seedlings are less exposed to sunlight and nutritional deficiencies, and also the damage that caused by humans, especially for Castanopsis tunggurut and Sloanea sigun

Viabilitas dan Vigor Benih Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogaea L.), Kacang Hijau (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek), dan Jagung (Zea mays L.) pada Temperatur dan Tekanan Osmotik Berbeda

Viability and vigor are components of seed quality assessment which are influenced by internal and external factors of the seed, i.e., salinity and temperature. Salinity is related to the interaction between osmotic pressure and seed germination. This study used 3 types of seeds, they are peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek), and corn (Zea mays L.). The purposes of this study were to determine seed viability by using Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), to analyze the effects of different osmotic pressures and temperatures on seed viability and vigor. Peanut seed viability test was conducted by using 1% TTC solution. Testing the effect of osmotic pressure on seed viability and vigor was conducted by using various concentrations of NaCl (0.01 M; 0.05 M; 0.5 M; 0.1 M; 1 M). The germination test of the three seeds was conducted by using temperatures of 30°C and 35°C, each with three replications. The test parameters measured included germination, germination rate, germination speed index, vigor index, simultaneous growth, and the speed of seed growth. The results showed that TTC solution was effectively used to determine seed viability. Mung bean had the highest germination rate, LP, IKP, IV, simultaneous growth, and speed of seed growth compared to the other tested seeds in all salinity and temperature treatments. The 30 ⁰C temperature treatment resulted in the best viability and seed vigor for the three tested plants. Treatments of temperature and salinity affect the quality of the three plant seeds which can then be used to determine the quality of peanut, mung bean, and corn seeds.   Keywords: germination, salinity, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, viability, vigou

Metabolite Profile and Antibacterial Potential of Leaf And Stem Extract Castanopsis tungurrut (Blume) A.DC. against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Giving antibiotics or antibacterial drugs is one of the therapeutic strategies used to overcome the problem of infectious diseases caused by microorganisms. The emergence of bacteria that are resistant to various types of antibacterials can delay the recovery period from infectious disorders and cause treatment with antibiotics to become ineffective to use. For this reason, research to find new alternative antibacterial drugs from natural materials needs to be carried out. This study aims to determine the potential of Castanopsis tungurrut leaf and stem extracts as natural antibacterials against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The research method was extraction of samples by maceration with ethanol, ethyl acetate and aquadest. Antibacterial test with Kirby-Bauer method or disc diffusion. Identification of secondary metabolite compounds by TLC method and continued with metabolite profiling by spectrophotometric method. The results showed the highest antibacterial activity was found in 70% ethanol extract of stem at a concentration of 400 mg/mL with an inhibition zone diameter of 9.06 mm. The 70% ethanol leaf extract was detected to contain phenolics and flavonoids and the ethyl acetate leaf extract was detected to contain triterpenoid and phenolic compounds evaluated by TLC. The metabolite profile showed that ethyl acetate extract had maximum absorbance at 400-600 nm. The 70% ethanol extract has maximum absorbance at 270-350 nm. The distilled water extract had maximum absorbance at 205-250 nm

Cytotoxic Activity of Indonesian Pogonatum neesii Dozy from Cibodas Botanical Garden: In Silico Molecular Docking and In Vitro Evaluation

Background: The exploration of bryophytes biodiversity in Indonesia due to its abundance and the bioactivity of its phytochemical content, such as alkaloids and polyphenols, has received increased interest. Despite some species proven to possess pharmacological properties, the antiproliferative study of Indonesian native moss, such as the Pogonatum genus, is limited. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the anticancer effects of Pogonatum neesii Dozy antiproliferative activity on colon and cervical cancer through in silico and in vitro methods. Methods: Molecular docking analysis using Autodock VINA in PyRx softwre was conducted between natural compounds found on P. neesii and several target proteins, DNA (cytosine-5)- methyltransferase 1 (DMT-1) (Protein Data Bank (PDB) id: 4WXX) in colon cancer and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) (PDB id: 4LXD) in cervical cancer. Afterwards, total phenolic and alkaloid contents were measured. Subsequently, P. neesii was tested on HaCaT (keratinocytes), HEK293 (human embryonic kidney), HT-29 (colorectal cancer models) and HeLa (cervical cancer model) to observe its cytotoxicity. Results: Out of eight compounds, chlorogenate was found to exert the best binding energy with target proteins, although it had lower binding affinity than the protein’s natural ligand. However, the biological, drug-likeness, and toxicity analysis suggested the drug potency of the compound, thus we did the in vitro analysis. P. neesii showed significant cytotoxic effects on HT-29 and HeLa cells, while it did not exert any cytotoxic effects on HaCaT and HEK-293 cells, at the same concentrations. Conclusion: P. neesii has been shown to have the potential as an anticancer agent through in silico and in vitro analysis, where the extract showed selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cell lines and cytocompatibility towards normal cell lines. Chlorogenate was pinpointed as the compound with the most activity and interaction with the target proteins in both cancers

Vegetative anatomy of three potted chrysanthemum varieties under various paclobutrazol concentrations

Lailaty IQ, Nugroho LH. 2021. Vegetative anatomy of three potted Chrysanthemum varieties under various paclobutrazol concentrations. Biodiversitas 22: 563-570. Chrysanthemum is one ornamental plant with high potential to be developed commercially. It has many varieties such as colors, types, and shapes of flowers. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is one of plant growth regulators used to suppress plant growth. The PBZ action mechanism is to inhibit gibberellin synthesis. The application of PBZ with a certain concentration on Chrysanthemum plants has the potential to form potted Chrysanthemum. The aim of this study was to analyze the anatomical variation of potted mums varieties, i.e. Jaguar Red, Snow White and Fiji White, and also the effect of PBZ with various concentrations on the anatomy of the stems and leaves of three Chrysanthemum varieties. The research was conducted by applying PBZ concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150 ppm to the three Chrysanthemum varieties and grown for 8 weeks to form potted Mums. Then, the anatomy of stems and leaves was studied using the paraffin and freehand section methods. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA and DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) for anatomical characters in stems and leaves of three Chrysanthemum varieties. The results showed that the length of the epidermal cells of Fiji white variety was longer than those of Snow White and Jaguar Red. Meanwhile, Jaguar Red produced greater stem thickness, stomata, and leaf thickness than those of the other two varieties. PBZ could increase the size of the anatomical parameters of Chrysanthemum stems and leaves for all varieties. The PBZ concentration of 150 ppm increased leaf thickness and stem diameter, as well as tracheal diameter. The PBZ concentration of 100 ppm increased the size of the guard cells, palisade and spongy tissue, also peripheral tissues. Meanwhile, the PBZ concentration of 50 ppm had an effect on the increase in the number of stomata and pith diameter. The optimum PBZ concentration to form potted Chrysanthemum was 150 ppm. © 2021, Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. All rights reserved