Neuroprotective effect of pyruvate and oxaloacetate during pilocarpine induced status epilepticus in rats

Recent research data have shown that systemic administration of pyruvate and oxaloacetate causes an increased brain-to-blood glutamate efflux. Since increased release of glutamate during epileptic seizures can lead to excitotoxicity and neuronal cell death, we tested the hypothesis that glutamate scavenging mediated by pyruvate and oxaloacetate systemic administration could have a neuroprotective effect in rats subjected to status epilepticus (SE). SE was induced by a single dose of pilocarpine (350 mg/kg i.p.). Thirty minutes after SE onset, a single dose of pyruvate (250 mg/kg i.p.), oxaloacetate (1.4 mg/kg i.p.), or both substances was administrated. Acute neuronal loss in hippocampal regions CA1 and hilus was quantitatively determined five hours after SE onset, using the optical fractionator method for stereological cell counting. Apoptotic cascade in the hippocampus was also investigated seven days after SE using caspase-1 and -3 activity assays. SE-induced neuronal loss in CA1 was completely prevented in rats treated with pyruvate plus oxaloacetate. the SE-induced caspase-1 activation was significantly reduced when rats were treated with oxaloacetate or pyruvate plus oxaloacetate. the treatment with pyruvate and oxaloacetate caused a neuroprotective effect in rats subjected to pilocarpine-induced SE. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)UNIFESP São Paulo, Dept Neurol & Neurosurg, São Paulo, BrazilUNIFESP Santos, Dept Biosci, Santos, SP, BrazilUNIFESP São Paulo, Dept Neurol & Neurosurg, São Paulo, BrazilUNIFESP Santos, Dept Biosci, Santos, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Patologias atuais: a compulsão e a sociedade dos excessos: Current pathologies: compulsion and the society of excesses

O artigo em tela tem por objetivo analisar os aspectos biopsicossociais da conduta compulsiva de consumo. Propõe-se a apresentar os elementos psicológicos contidos nesse comportamento, além de verificar quais são os resultados decorrentes dessa compulsão. O consumo compulsivo, também chamado de oniomania, é um transtorno causado pela ansiedade despertada pela necessidade de comprar e saciada, somente, quando é materializada a aquisição daquilo que se deseja comprar. O estudo em questão pode ser classificado como sendo de cunho bibliográfico, a partir da análise de documentos publicados em forma de artigos científicos e livros em formato digital

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Anatomic study of the hippocampus in a primate species of the Amazon Cebus apella (Linnaeus, 1812)

The nonhuman primates constitute irreplaceable animal models for research areas in which their close evolutionary relationship to humans ensures high fidelity models with predictive and discriminative abilities that may not be available in other species. The Cebus apella, a New World primate specie belonging to the Cebidae family, Cebinae suborder (Linnaeus, 1758) are commonly used in biomedical and behavior research being the specie of choice for many cognitive experimental tasks. The hippocampus, a highly plastic limbic structure situated in the temporal lobe is important for learning and memory consolidation. In this way, the aim of this study was to characterize quantitatively and qualitatively the Parvalbumin positive cells in the hippocampal formation of the Cebus monkey and also estimate the volume and neuronal number in their different subfields using an optical fractionator design method. The results obtained in our study will be useful for many experimental designs in translational medicine.Os primatas constituem modelos animais insubstituíveis para áreas de investigação científica devido a sua estreita relação evolutiva com os seres humanos o que assegura modelos de alta fidelidade com capacidade preditiva e discriminativa que podem não estar disponíveis em outras espécies. O Cebus apella, uma espécie de primata do novo mundo que pertence à família Cebidae, subordem Cebinae (Linnaeus, 1758), são comumente usados em pesquisas biomédicas e comportamental sendo uma espécie eleita para muitos modelos experimentais com enfoque cognitivo. O hipocampo, estrutura límbica altamente plástica situado no lóbulo temporal é importante para a aprendizagem e consolidação da memória. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar quantitativamente e qualitativamente as células parvalbumina-positivas no hipocampo de Cebus apella, bem como estimar o volume e o número de neurônios em seus diferentes subcampos, utilizando o método do fracionador óptico. Os resultados obtidos em nosso estudo podem ser úteis para diversos projetos experimentais que tenham como foco a medicina translacional.TEDEBV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertaçõe

Updated Neuronal Scaling Rules for the Brains of Glires (Rodents/Lagomorphs)

Brain size scales as different functions of its number of neurons across mammalian orders such as rodents, primates, and insectivores. in rodents, we have previously shown that, across a sample of 6 species, from mouse to capybara, the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and the remaining brain structures increase in size faster than they gain neurons, with an accompanying decrease in neuronal density in these structures [Herculano-Houzel et al.: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 12138-12143]. Important remaining questions are whether such neuronal scaling rules within an order apply equally to all pertaining species, and whether they extend to closely related taxa. Here, we examine whether 4 other species of Rodentia, as well as the closely related rabbit (Lagomorpha), conform to the scaling rules identified previously for rodents. We report the updated neuronal scaling rules obtained for the average values of each species in a way that is directly comparable to the scaling rules that apply to primates [Gabi et al.: Brain Behav Evol 2010; 76: 32-44], and examine whether the scaling relationships are affected when phylogenetic relatedness in the dataset is accounted for. We have found that the brains of the spiny rat, squirrel, prairie dog and rabbit conform to the neuronal scaling rules that apply to the previous sample of rodents. the conformity to the previous rules of the new set of species, which includes the rabbit, suggests that the cellular scaling rules we have identified apply to rodents in general, and probably to Glires as a whole (rodents/lagomorphs), with one notable exception: the naked mole-rat brain is apparently an outlier, with only about half of the neurons expected from its brain size in its cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, BaselFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)James S. McDonnell FoundationNSFNEIUFRJ, Inst Ciencias Biomed, BR-21941902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biociencias, São Paulo, BrazilVanderbilt Univ, Dept Biol, Nashville, TN 37235 USAVanderbilt Univ, Dept Psychol, Nashville, TN 37240 USAUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biociencias, São Paulo, BrazilNSF: 0844743NEI: EY02686Web of Scienc

The Millerton Progress

Weekly newspaper published on Fridays in Millerton, Oklahoma that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising

The Use of New World Primates for Biomedical Research: An Overview of the Last Four Decades

Animal experimentation contributes significantly to the progression of science. Nonhuman primates play a particularly important role in biomedical research not only because of their anatomical, physiological, biochemical, and behavioral similarities with humans but also because of their close phylogenetic affinities. in order to investigate the use of New World primates (NWP) in biomedical research over the last four decades (1966-2005), we performed a quantitative study of the literature listed in bibliographic databases from the Health Sciences. the survey was performed for each genus of NWP that has been bred in the National Center of Primates in Brazil. the number of articles published was determined for each genus and sorted according to the country from which the studies originated and the general scientific field. the data obtained suggests that Brazil is a leader in generating knowledge with NWP models for translational medicine. Am. J. Primatol. 72: 1055-1061, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Ministry of Health through the Department of Health SurveillanceFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)IEC-CENPUniversidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Neurol & Neurocirurgia, BR-04023900 São Paulo, BrazilCtr Nacl Primatas CENP, Inst Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, PA, BrazilHosp Israelita Albert Einstein, Inst Cerebro, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Brasilia UNB, Brasilia, DF, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Neurol & Neurocirurgia, BR-04023900 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc