The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

A Process For Purification of Carfilzomib

CarfilzomibThe present invention relates to a process for the purification of Carfiizomib of Formula \u3aa that reduces the level of an acetaniide impurity of Formula II preferably below 0.10 wt%. Formula I Formula II

a A Process For Purification of Carfilzomib Intermediate

The present invention relates to a process for the purification of compound of formula II, wherein X may be independently selected from trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid and phosphoric acid; its isolation as solid and use for the preparation of carfilzomib

An Improved Process for the Preparation of Boronic Acid Esters

The present invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I), wherein PG1 may be independently selected from tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), phthaloyl, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc), triphenylmethyl (Trityl), carboxybenzyl (Cbz), trifluoroacetyl, benzyl (Bn), benzylidene, methanesulfonyl (Mesyl), toluene sulfonyl (Tosyl) or acyl; its isolation as solid and use for the preparation of the compound of formula (IV), in particular the compound of formula (IV) i.e. [(1R)-3-methyl-1[[(2S)-1-oxo-3-phenyl-2- [(pyrazinylcarbonyl) amino]propyl]amino]butyl] boronic acid with more than 99.95% chiral purity, as measured by HPL

An Improved Process for the Preparation of Ixazomib citrate

The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of compound of formula (I), wherein, R1 and R2 are each independently hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, or aralkoxy; or R1 and R2 together form a moiety derived from an alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acid compound or a beta-hydroxy carboxylic acid compound, wherein the atom attached to boron in each case is an oxygen atom; or R1 and R2 together form the boronate esters of boronic acid

Bounded model checking of multi-threaded c programs via lazy sequentialization

Bounded model checking (BMC) has successfully been used for many practical program verification problems, but concurrency still poses a challenge. Here we describe a new approach to BMC of sequentially consistent C programs using POSIX threads. Our approach first translates a multi-threaded C program into a nondeterministic sequential C program that preserves reachability for all round-robin schedules with a given bound on the number of rounds. It then re-uses existing high-performance BMC tools as backends for the sequential verification problem. Our translation is carefully designed to introduce very small memory overheads and very few sources of nondeterminism, so that it produces tight SAT/SMT formulae, and is thus very effective in practice: our prototype won the concurrency category of SV-COMP14. It solved all verification tasks successfully and was 30x faster than the best tool with native concurrency handling.<br/

An Improved Process for The Preparation of Ribociclib and its Salts

The invention relates to a process for the preparation of ribociclib of formula V or its salts. The invention provides novel crystalline forms of ribociclib succinate and ribociclib trifluoroacetate. The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a crystalline form of ribociclib succinate and at least a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. It further relates to the use of such compositions in the treatment of cancer