Envelhecimento e Cronicidade: oportunidades para a enfermagem

La creciente conciencia de la dimensión de los desafíos que representa para las sociedades actuales el envejecimiento de la población, se traduce en iniciativas políticas para encontrar soluciones integrales a este complejo problema. El artículo analiza algunas de estas iniciativas y sugiere áreas de oportunidad donde la investigación en enfermería y debe movilizarse para formar parte integral de las iniciativas y programas que se pondrán en marcha.The growing awareness of the challenge that aging represents for modern societies translates into political initiatives aimed to find comprehensive solutions for this complex issue. This paper analyses some of these initiatives and suggests areas of opportunity where nursing research must be mobilized to take integral part of the initiatives and programmes that are to be implemented

Sexual and gender minority health in Chile: findings from the 2016–2017 Health Survey

OBJECTIVE: To expose visibility of the health concerns of sexual and gender minority groups in Chile, as well as to provide a platform to advocate for policies that support the health and well-being of SGM people in the country. METHODS: The health conditions and risk factors of participants identified as sexual and gender minority were compared to those identified as cisgender heterosexual using data from the 2016-2017 National Health Survey. RESULTS: Despite reporting higher self-rated health than heterosexual men, gay men had a higher risk of lifetime diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. Compared to heterosexual women, the prevalence of depression was higher among bisexual women, who were also less likely to have been tested for HIV. Moreover, transgender participants were more likely to report depression and worse self-rated health than cisgender heterosexual participants. CONCLUSION: Small sample sizes of sexual and gender minority subgroups might have obscured some differences that would have been observable in larger samples. Despite this, we found statistically significant sexual and/or gender identity differences in several health areas, especially mental, sexual, and overall health

Non-governmental organizations: Community organizing around HIV/AIDS in Santiago, Chile.

Non-governmental organizations: Community organizing around HIV/AIDS in Santiago, Chile

Conocimientos y riesgo ocupacional de VIH/SIDA en trabajadores de salud primaria chilenos

Objective. To explore the relationship between knowledge level and occupational risk exposure to HIV/AIDS in primary care health workers. Methodology. Analytical cross-sectional study. 720 health workers from Santiago answered a survey about HIV/AIDS that included: knowledge level (appropriate, inappropriate), occupational risk (with or without risk), and control variables (age, gender, health center, education and marital status). Descriptive and association analysis were performed. Odds Ratio (OR) was estimated through simple and multiple regressions logistics. Results. 58.7% of the participants reported HIV occupational risk. 63.8% of the participants from the exposed group reported an appropriate level of knowledge, versus 36.1% of the non-exposed group (Adjusted OR of 3.1, IC95%OR: 2.0-4.8, p < 0.0001). Technicians and cleaning staff reported a lower proportion of appropriate level of knowledge compared to the employees with college education (p < 0.0001). Conclusion. The level of HIV/AID occupational risk is directly associated with the level of knowledge of the disease.Objetivo. Explorar a relação entre nível de conhecimentos e risco de exposição ocupacional a HIV/AIDS em trabalhadores de saúde de atendimento primário Metodologia. Estudo observacional analítico de corte transversal; 720 trabalhadores de saúde de Santiago responderam um questionário a respeito de HIV/AIDS, incluindo conhecimentos (inadequado ou adequado), risco ocupacional (com ou sem risco) e variáveis de controle (idade, sexo, centro de saúde, educação e estado civil). Fizeram-se análises descritivas e de associação. Estimou-se a Odds Ratio (OR) mediante regressão logística simples e múltipla. Resultados. O 58.7% dos participantes reportou risco ocupacional de HIV/AIDS. Um 63.8% do grupo com exposição apresentou um nível de conhecimentos adequado, contra o 36.1% do grupo sem exposição (OR ajustado de 3.1, IC95%OR: 2.0-4.8, p < 0.0001). Os técnicos e o pessoal de lavabo reportaram uma proporção menor de nível adequado de conhecimentos do que o do pessoal com preparação universitário (p < 0.0001). Conclusão. O nível de risco ocupacional de HIV está sócio em forma direta com o nível de conhecimentos desta doença.Objetivo. Explorar la relación entre nivel de conocimientos y riesgo de exposición ocupacional a VIH en trabajadores de salud de atención primaria. Metodología. Estudio analítico de corte transversal; 720 trabajadores de salud de Santiago respondieron un cuestionario acerca de VIH/SIDA, incluyendo conocimientos (inadecuado o adecuado), riesgo ocupacional (con o sin riesgo) y variables de control (edad, sexo, centro de salud, educación y estado civil). Se hicieron análisis descriptivos y de asociación. Se estimó la Odds Ratio (OR) mediante regresión logística simple y múltiple. Resultados. El 58.7% de los participantes reportó riesgo ocupacional de VIH. Un 63.8% del grupo con exposición presentó un nivel de conocimientos adecuado, versus el 36.1% del grupo sin exposición (OR ajustado de 3.1, IC95%OR: 2.0-4.8, p < 0.0001). Los técnicos y el personal de aseo reportaron una proporción menor de nivel adecuado de conocimientos que el del personal con preparación universitario (p < 0.0001). Conclusión. El nivel de riesgo ocupacional de VIH está asociado en forma directa con el nivel de conocimientos de esta enfermedad

Perceptions of barriers and facilitators to implement programs for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-Mozambique

Objetivo: Compreender as perspectivas das mulheres grávidas ou puérperas vivendo com HIV em Sofala, Moçambique, sobre as barreiras e facilidades para seguir as recomendações para a Prevenção da Transmissão Materno-Infantil (PMTCT). Método: estudo qualitativo realizado em três centros de saúde e com um grupo de apoio de pares de mulheres vivendo com HIV, entre outubro de 2020 e março de 2021. Aplicou-se amostra intencional, entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise de conteúdo. Resultados: O estigma social associado a ser HIV positivo e o medo da discriminação, efeitos colaterais dos medicamentos, barreiras econômicas e negação do diagnóstico/tratamento surgiram como barreiras. Como fatores facilitadores: redes de apoio e inspiração dos pares, preocupação inata com a saúde e a família. Finalmente, eles recomendam que a comunidade se eduque mais sobre o HIV. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo proporcionam uma compreensão ampla da experiência das mulheres que vivem com o HIV nesta província, possibilitando centrarse em estratégias para melhorar o atendimento às mulheres nos programas de PTMI em Moçambique.Objetivo: Comprender las perspectivas de las mujeres embarazadas o en posparto viviendo con VIH en Sofala, Mozambique, respecto a las barreras y facilitadores para seguir las recomendaciones para la Prevención de Transmisión Materno Infantil (PTMI). Método: estudio cualitativo realizado en tres centros de salud y con un grupo de apoyo entre pares de mujeres viviendo con VIH, entre octubre de 2020 y marzo de 2021. Aplicamos muestreo intencional, entrevistas semiestructuradas y análisis de contenido. Resultados: Surgieron como barreras el estigma social que conlleva la condición de ser VIH positivo y el miedo a la discriminación, los efectos secundarios de los medicamentos, barreras económicas y la negación al diagnóstico/tratamiento. Como factores facilitadores: redes de apoyo e inspiración de pares, innata preocupación por la salud y la familia. Finalmente, ellas recomiendan que la comunidad se eduque más en materia de VIH. Conclusión: Los resultados de este estudio dan una comprensión amplia acerca de la experiencia de mujeres viviendo con VIH en esta provincia, posibilitando focalizar estrategias para mejorar la atención de las mujeres en los programas de PTMI en Mozambique.Objective: To understand the perspectives of pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV in Sofala, Mozambique, regarding barriers and facilitators to following Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) recommendations. Method: Qualitative study conducted in three health centers and with a peer support group of women living with HIV, between October 2020 and March 2021. We applied purposeful sampling, semi-structured interviews, and content analysis. Results: Among the barriers that emerged were the social stigma associated with HIV-positive status and fear of discrimination, side effects of medications, economic barriers, and denial of diagnosis/treatment. As facilitating factors: peer support networks and inspiration, innate concern for health and family. Finally, they recommend that the community should become more educated about HIV. Conclusion: The results of this study give a broad understanding of the experience of women living with HIV in this province, making it possible to focus strategies in improving the care of women in PMTCT programs in Mozambique

Relationship between knowledge of hiv, self-perceived vulnerability and sexual risk behaviours among community clinic workers in chile

Objective: To test the hypothesis of an association between knowledge and sexual risk behaviours (SRB) among community-clinic workers in Chile, explained by the confounding effect of self-perceived vulnerability to HIV. Methods: Analysis of a cross-sectional survey, nested within a quasi-experimental study of 720 community-clinic workers in Santiago. The SRB score combined number of sexual partners and condom use, coded as “high”/“low” SRB. The Knowledge of HIV, a 25-item index, was coded as “inadequate”/“adequate” knowledge. Self-perceived vulnerability to HIV was categorised as “high”/“moderate”/“low”. Control variables included socio-demographics, educational level, and occupation. Descriptive, association and confounding analysis was developed through proportions/averages, Chi-square tests, and logistic regression (OR-estimations). Results: Respondents were 78,2% female, 46,8% married, 67,6% Catholic, mean age 38,9 years(d.s.=10.5), 69% had University/Diploma level and 58,7% reported occupational risk of HIV. An adequate level of Knowledge (75% sample) was associated with educational level (OR=2.5,CI=1.7-3.4) and occupational risk (OR=3.3,CI=2.2-5.0). Self-perceived vulnerability was “low” in 71,5% cases. A negative association between Knowledge and SRB was found (OR=0.55,CI=0.35–0.86), but Self-perceived vulnerability did not have a confounding effect on this relationship. Conclusions: Some community-clinic workers had inaccurate knowledge of HIV, which was associated to SRB. Self-perceived vulnerability did not have a confounding effect, however, future studies should further analyse occupational risk of HIV as possible driving factor in health workers´ perception of their risk. Focused training programmes should be developed to enhance basic knowledge of HIV in this group

Conocimientos, actitudes y percepciones de enfermeros y estudiantes de enfermería hacia VIH/Sida Conhecimentos, atitudes e percepções de enfermeiros e estudantes de enfermagem para HIV/AIDS Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of nurses and nursing students towards HIV/AIDS

Objetivo. Describir las actitudes, conocimientos y percepciones que tienen los enfermeros y estudiantes de Enfermería en torno a las personas que viven con VIH/SIDA (PVVS). Metodología. Estudio bibliográfico en el que se hizo búsqueda en seis bases de datos electrónicas con las palabras claves: "actitud", "conocimientos", "enfermería", "percepciones", "VIH/SIDA". Se consideraron publicaciones entre 1998-2007. Resultados. Se recuperaron 560 artículos que se limitaron por su pertenencia a publicaciones de investigaciones científicas o reportes ministeriales. Finalmente se seleccionaron un total de 38 publicaciones, cuyo análisis mostró que el nivel de conocimientos de enfermeros y estudiantes de Enfermería en torno a PVVS es bueno y las actitudes frente a VIH/ SIDA han mejorado en el tiempo. Los enfermeros y estudiantes de Enfermería han sido capaces de identificar tanto aspectos positivos como negativos en el cuidado de PVVS, a nivel personal y profesional, debido a que existe una percepción más favorable. Conclusión. Existen pocos estudios en Latinoamérica y Chile que estudien las actitudes y conocimientos de la población de estudio en torno a PVVS. Según las publicaciones encontradas el conocimiento y las actitudes han mejorado debido a que la percepción es más favorable.Objetivo. Descrever as atitudes, conhecimentos e percepções que têm os enfermeiros e estudantes de Enfermagem em torno das pessoas que vivem com HIV/AIDS (PVHA). Metodologia. Estudo bibliográfico no que se fez busca em seis bases de dados eletrônicas com as palavras importantes: "atitude", "conhecimentos", "enfermagem", "percepções", "HIV/ PVHA". Consideraram-se publicações entre 1998-2007. Resultados. Recuperaram-se 560 artigos que se limitaram por seu pertence a publicações de investigações científicas ou reportes ministeriais. Finalmente se selecionaram um total de 38 publicações, cujo análise mostrou que o nível de conhecimentos de enfermeiros e estudantes de Enfermagem em torno de PVHA é bom e as atitudes frente a HIV/AIDS melhoraram no tempo. Os enfermeiros e estudantes de Enfermagem foram capazes de identificar tanto aspectos positivos como negativos no cuidado de PVHA, a nível pessoal e profissional, devido a que existe uma percepção mais favorável. Conclusão. Existem poucos estudos na América - Latina e o Chile que estudem as atitudes e conhecimentos da população de estudo em torno de PVHA. Segundo as publicações encontradas o conhecimento e as atitudes melhoraram devido a que a percepção é mais favorável.Objective. To describe attitudes, knowledge and perceptions of nurses and nursing students towards the people who live with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Methodology. Bibliographic study in which six electronic databases were searched using the key words: "attitude", "knowledge", "nursing", perceptions", "HIV/AIDS". Publications between 1998 and 2007 were considered. Results. 560 articles limited by scientific researches or ministerial reports membership were retrieved. Finally a total of 38 publications were selected, the analysis showed that the level of knowledge of nurses and nursing students about PLWHA is good and the attitudes towards HIV/AIDS have improved over time. Nurses and nursing students have been able to identify both positive and negative aspects in the PLWHA care personally and professionally because there is a more favourable perception. Conclusion. There are few studies in Latin America and Chile that study the attitudes and knowledge of the studied population towards PLWHA. According to publications found the knowledge and attitudes have improved because the perception is more favourable