Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae una nueva especie de holoturia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) del Océano Pacífico oriental central.

Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae n. sp. is described from the central-eastern Pacific, from depths between 45 and 100 m. The main characters separating H. (C.) casoae from the rest of the species included in the subgenus Cystipus are the presence of a prominent fringe of 10 or more conical papillae along each side of the body and the presence of tables with a spinose rim, the pillars of the spire are short ending in a complex spiny crown with a small central circular opening. This new species is distinctive in the genus Holothuria, subgenus Cystipus, but shows some similarities to H. (C.) cubana Ludwig, 1875, H. (C.) inhabilis Selenka, 1867 and H. (C.) pseudofossor Deichmann, 1930.Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae n. sp. se describe para el Pacífico Central Este, a profundidades de 45-100 m. Los principales caracteres que separan a H. (C.) casoae del resto de las especies incluidas en el subgénero Cystipus son: la presencia de un margen lateral formado por 10 o más papilas cónicas a cada lado del cuerpo, y la presencia de espículas en forma de tablas con borde espinoso, con espiras de pilares cortos, terminando en una corona compleja de pequeñas espinas y con un agujero central. Esta nueva especie pertenece al género Holothuria, subgénero Cystipus, pero muestra algunas similitudes con sus congéneres H. (C.) cubana Ludwig, 1875, H. (C.) inhabilis Selenka, 1867 and H. (C.) pseudofossor Deichmann, 1930

Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns

This paper provides an analysis of the distribution patterns of marine biodiversity and summarizes the major activities of the Census of Marine Life program in the Caribbean region. The coastal Caribbean region is a large marine ecosystem (LME) characterized by coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrasses, but including other environments, such as sandy beaches and rocky shores. These tropical ecosystems incorporate a high diversity of associated flora and fauna, and the nations that border the Caribbean collectively encompass a major global marine biodiversity hot spot. We analyze the state of knowledge of marine biodiversity based on the geographic distribution of georeferenced species records and regional taxonomic lists. A total of 12,046 marine species are reported in this paper for the Caribbean region. These include representatives from 31 animal phyla, two plant phyla, one group of Chromista, and three groups of Protoctista. Sampling effort has been greatest in shallow, nearshore waters, where there is relatively good coverage of species records; offshore and deep environments have been less studied. Additionally, we found that the currently accepted classification of marine ecoregions of the Caribbean did not apply for the benthic distributions of five relatively well known taxonomic groups. Coastal species richness tends to concentrate along the Antillean arc (Cuba to the southernmost Antilles) and the northern coast of South America (Venezuela – Colombia), while no pattern can be observed in the deep sea with the available data. Several factors make it impossible to determine the extent to which these distribution patterns accurately reflect the true situation for marine biodiversity in general: (1) highly localized concentrations of collecting effort and a lack of collecting in many areas and ecosystems, (2) high variability among collecting methods, (3) limited taxonomic expertise for many groups, and (4) differing levels of activity in the study of different taxa

Cucumaria Flamma, A New Species Of Sea Cucumber From The Central Eastern Pacific (Echinodermata : Holothuroidea)

Volume: 112Start Page: 778End Page: 78

Efecto de la temperatura en el desarrollo embrionario y eclosión de las larvas de Limulus polyphemus L.

Selected eggs, collected from natural nest, were studied to know embrio and larvae development, hatched under 3 different temperatures: 25, 30 and 35°C, salinity between 22 and 33%, and pH ranged from 7.2 to 8.4. The substrate was sand and without sand (control). Higher surviving development was registered at the control with 30°

Morphology, systematics, and distribution of Meoma ventricosa grandis and M-ventricosa-ventricosa (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Brissidae) along Mexican coasts

Two subspecies of the genus Meoma are known from the coasts of Mexico, Meoma ventricosa grandis and M. ventricosa s.s. These conspicuous spatangoids, easily recognized by their incomplete subanal fasciole, are confined to the tropical region of the American seas and are thus characteristic of this region. The systematics of M. ventricosa grandis and M. ventricosa s.s. are reviewed. A new northern distribution limit is now recognized for M. ventricosa grandis, extending its range to Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico

Holothuria (Selenkothuria) carere Honey-Escandón, Solís-Marín & Laguarda-Figueras, 2011, n. sp.

Holothuria (Selenkothuria) carere n. sp. Honey-Escandón & Solís-Marín Figs 1–3 Material examined. Holotype UNAM – ICML. 5.179.0. Total length 90 mm (measured along the outside of curved body), January 21, 2010. Collected in Cerritos, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México (23 ° 18.524 ’N, 106 ° 29.584 ’W) at 0–1 m depth by F. A. Solís-Marín and Q. Hernández Díaz. Paratypes deposited at UNAM – ICML 5.179. 1, two specimens, total length 40 and 78 mm. January 20, 2010. Same locality and collector data as the holotype. UNAM – ICML 5.179. 3, one specimen, total length 90 mm. January 21, 2010. Same locality and collector data as the holotype. UNAM-ICML 5.179. 3, two specimens, total length 42 and 65 mm. March 3, 2010, collected in El Corralón, Caleta de Campos, Michoacán, México (18 º 04.003’N, 102 º 43.958 ’W) at 5–6 m depth by F. A. Solís Marín and J. Arriaga Ochoa. UNAM – ICML 5.179. 4, one specimen, total length 60 mm. March 4, 2010, collected in Caletilla, Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán, México (18 º 03.143’N, 102 º 39.034 ’W) at 3 m depth by F. A. Solís Marín and J. Arriaga Ochoa. Type locality. Cerritos, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México (23 ° 18.524 ’N, 106 ° 29.584 ’W). Description. Preserved specimens 40 to 90 mm long. Color in alcohol dark brown in the longitudinal mid dorsal area that mixes with lighter brown towards the ventral side in the form of small patches of color, forming a tabby-like pattern. The specimens from Michoacán have, in addition, two rows of visible black spots along the dorsum. Body wall covered by scattered, short, cylindrical tube feet, more numerous on the ventral than on the dorsal surface. On the dorsal body wall also scattered very few tiny papillae that sometimes can be highlighted by lighter or darker patches (Fig. 1). Tube feet of the bivium the same color as lightest parts of the body wall; on the trivium yellowish or light brown. Mouth terminal, surrounded by 20 dark olive green tentacles (holotype: 0.8 cm length). Base of tentacles surrounded by tiny papillae, more numerous on the radial than the interradial area. Anus terminal, with anal papillae. Body wall up to 2 mm thick. Ossicles absent from the dorsal and the ventral body wall. Dorsal tube feet with endplates as the only calcareous structure present, up to 300 µm across. Ventral tube feet also without ossicles, only endplates present 460–480 µm across. Ossicles present in the dorsal papillae in the form of tiny rods and pseudo endplates (Fig. 3, A). Smooth straight rods of different sizes, 50–130 µm long, with several distal projections, blunted or with double spines. Small rods with one distal perforation, large rods with several. Few with distal bifurcations, with an X-like shape. Pseudo endplates perforated irregularly, 50–60 µm wide and 80–85 long. Tentacles with numerous rods similar to those from the dorsal papillae, of variable sizes, from 45–70 µm up to 140–155 µm long (Fig. 3, D). Small rods smooth, few with projections and one distal perforation. Larger rods with distal projections, blunted or with double spines and several distal perforations. Anal papillae with straight smooth rods 30–125 µm long (Fig. 3, C). Some with few distal perforations and projections, some with only one distal smooth perforation. Very few X-like shaped rods and the presence of pseudo endplates (25 µm wide x 60 µm long) is rare. Papillae at the base of the tentacles also with two kinds of rods (Fig. 3, B). First type, smooth straight rods, some slightly curved, with distal projections (generally two) that bifurcate and join together forming one or more perforations with dentate or smooth rim; generally big in size, from 80 to 130 µm long. Second type, smooth slightly curved thin rods without distal projections or perforations; smaller in size, from 15 to 80 µm long. Longitudinal muscles divided, completely attached. Calcareous ring (Fig. 2, B) with radial plates as wide as two times the length of the interradial plate. Single, well developed Polian vesicle, 1 / 8 to 1 / 4 of body length. In one specimen, additionally two Polian vesicles 3 mm long. Cuvierian tubules present. Stone canal long (1 / 7 to 1 / 8 of body length) ending in a long, flat madreporite with a tapering end (Fig. 2, A). Gonads present, fully grown in three specimens. Right respiratory tree extending forward to the total length of the body. Etymology. The specific epithet carere in Latin means “to be without”. It is here used as a noun in apposition and refers to a unique characteristic of this sea cucumber, which is the absence of ossicles in the body wall and dorsal and ventral tube feet. Ecology. This species is found in shallow waters, from intertidal to 6 m depth. Specimens from Mazatlán were found completely hidden inside holes within a big rock, with only the tentacles outside for feeding, in a dendrochirote-like way of living. The specimens from Michoacán were found completely concealed under rocks. Apparently the species is highly plastic in using different feeding strategies, not specialized in a specific habitat. Geographic distribution. Holothuria (Selenkothuria) carere n. sp. is known only from two localities: Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México (type locality) in the lower limit of the Gulf of California and Caleta de Campos, Michoacán, México, in the Mexican Pacific Ocean.Published as part of Honey-Escandón, Magali, Solís-Marín, Francisco A. & Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo, 2011, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) carere, a new species of sea cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the Mexican Pacific, pp. 27-33 in Zootaxa 2922 on pages 29-32, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20242

Selenkothuria Deichmann 1958

Subgenus Selenkothuria Deichmann, 1958 Diagnosis (after Deichmann, 1958): Soft-skinned forms with numerous cylindrical feet, forming a distinct ventral sole, sometimes arranged in three broad bands; dorsally numerous minute papillae, not conspicuous, rarely forming low warts. Tentacles more or less terminal in position, often bushy, adapted for plankton catching. Inner anatomy not remarkable; certain species with numerous stone canals in one or two tufts on both sides of the dorsal mesenterium, others with a single large one attached to the right side; usually one Polian vesicle; gonads as divided threads in a tuft behind the low calcareous ring; Cuverian organs present in some forms. An external layer of tables usually completely lacking, though vestiges of tables sometimes found in young individuals of certain species. The inner layer consisting of small rods or plates, smooth or spinous. Ventral feet with large end plate and walls supported by rods or plates of same size as those in the skin, rarely special supporting rods or perforated plates present. Dorsal appendages with reduced end plate or none, and often more curved, shorter rods. In some species, rods present in the cloacal retractor muscles and in the respiratory trees. Color dull gray, dark brown, olive green or black with or without two rows of dark spots and darker anterior and posterior end. Type species: Holothuria lubrica Selenka, 1867.Published as part of Honey-Escandón, Magali, Solís-Marín, Francisco A. & Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo, 2011, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) carere, a new species of sea cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the Mexican Pacific, pp. 27-33 in Zootaxa 2922 on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20242

New record of Meoma ventricosa grandis GRAY, 1851 (Echinodermata: Equinoidea, Brissidae) from the lower Pliocene of Baja Califronia, Mexico

A single specimen of the species Meoma ventricosa grandis GRAY, 1851, from the lower Pliocene-Marcos Formation beds of Carmen Island in the Gulf of California was studied. It constitutes a new fossil record of the subspecies in the early Pliocene of Mexico. The specimen was found associated with calcareous algae, corals, bivalves (Pecten and Chlione) and other echinoids. The paleontological setting for this fauna was that of a shallow and tropical sea.Se estudia un ejemplar de la especie Meoma ventricosa grandis GRAY, 1851 procedente de capas de la Formación San Marcos de edad Plioceno temprano, que afloran en la Isla Carmen en el Golfo de California. Este hallazgo constituye un nuevo registro de la subespecie del Plioceno temprano de México. El espécimen se encontró asociado con a1gas calcáreas, cora1e, viva1vos (Pecten y Chlione) y otros equinoideos. La fauna se desarro11ó en un mar tropica1 somero

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