Lexical and grammatical access errors in the speech of intermediate/advanced level students of spanish

This paper is the first known analysis to investigate the lexical and grammatical access errors made by intermediate/advanced level students of Spanish as a foreign language in an American university setting. The data show that most of the errors committed at this level are paradigmatic in nature, i.e., neologisms, confusion of derivationally related forms, ser/estar, prepositions and conjunctions, and incorrect choice of gender, mood, tense and person. The most common syntagmatic errors are those involving omission or addition of function words and anaphoric agreement of gender, number and person. In general, these findings concur with other studies of the acquisition of Spanish as a second language by Anglo adults

The telltale targets: an analysis of access errors in the speech of intermediate students of spanish

This cross-sectional study of the oral interlanguage of forty students at the end of their fourth semester of universitv level Spanish, measures the accuracy with which correct forms were produced vis-a-vis the following grammatical categories: aspect, number, person, mood, tense and gender. The results of the study show that gender was the most problenratic of the atirrementioned categories. In adittion, within each category a positive correlation was found between frecuency of the required use of the unmarked form and the accuracy with which it was realized. Finally plausible explanations for these phenomena are offered

On the Deformation of Dendrites During Directional Solidification of a Nickel-Based Superalloy

Abstract: Synchrotron X-ray imaging has been used to examine in situ the deformation of dendrites that takes place during the solidification of a nickel-based superalloy. By combining absorption and diffraction contrast imaging, deformation events could be classified by their localization and permanence. In particular, a deformation mechanism arising from thermal contraction in a temperature gradient was elucidated through digital image correlation. It was concluded that this mechanism may explain the small misorientations typically observed in single crystal castings

International lower limb collaborative (INTELLECT) study: a multicentre, international retrospective audit of lower extremity open fractures

Trauma remains a major cause of mortality and disability across the world1, with a higher burden in developing nations2. Open lower extremity injuries are devastating events from a physical3, mental health4, and socioeconomic5 standpoint. The potential sequelae, including risk of chronic infection and amputation, can lead to delayed recovery and major disability6. This international study aimed to describe global disparities, timely intervention, guideline-directed care, and economic aspects of open lower limb injuries

Quantitative analysis by in situ synchrotron X-ray radiography of the evolution of the mushy zone in a fixed temperature gradient

International audienceThis paper deals with a series of experiments dedicated to the analysis of the time evolution of a mushy zone in a fixed temperature gradient, carried out on the BM05 beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) on Al-Cu alloy. Because most of phenomena involved in this evolution are dynamic, in situ and real time investigation is essential for conducting a thorough analysis as a function of time. Synchrotron X-ray radiography is a non-invasive visualization technique, perfectly suited to such a study since it is able to reveal the microstructural changes of the mushy zone during the holding stage, In addition, we extended our analysis by performing advanced image processing of synchrotron X-ray radiographs to characterize the solute distribution in the liquid phase. These measurements gave us crucial information for understanding the competition between the diffusion processes in the bulk and the mushy zone. Moreover, combining these data with mass balance equations at the two boundaries of the mushy zone enables us to demonstrate the major role of solute diffusion in the dynamics of the mushy zone, from the early instants to the final state of the holding stage

Characterization of defects in mono-like silicon for photovoltaic applications using X-ray Bragg diffraction imaging

International audienceRocking curve imaging (projection and section X-ray topography) has been used to study the generation and propagation of defects at the junctions between and above the seed crystals in mono-like silicon ingots. The images of different kinds of defects such as precipitates, dislocations and twins in the integrated intensity, full width at half-maximum and peak position maps resulting from the experiment have been studied. The qualitative and quantitative information that can be extracted from these maps, in particular the contrast of the images of the various defects, is discussed. These defects have a detrimental effect on solar cell efficiency and their detailed investigation allows clues to be obtained in order to improve the growth process. This work shows that synchrotron X-ray diffraction imaging techniques, because of their high angular resolution (<10(-4) degrees) and large field of view (several mm(2)), constitute a powerful tool for investigating the initial stages of growth of directionally solidified mono-like silico