Tables of f/us, ub/ and g/us, ub/ functions for semiconductor surface calculations

Derivation of mathematical functions for calculating changes in semiconductor surfaces due to applied surface charg

Effect of Process Parameters and Metallographic Studies of ASS-304 Stainless Steel at Various Temperatures under Warm Deep Drawing

AbstractWarm forming of high strength sheet metal alloys are in great demand and its application has importance in defense and nuclear industries. In the present investigation the austenitic stainless steel (ASS)-304 blanks are deep drawn under warm conditions using 20Ton hydraulic press and observed that at lower punch speed when the cup is drawn at elevated temperatures the formability is improved. Numbers of deep draw experiments are conducted under warm conditions to study the microstructure at elevated temperatures for punch corner region cups at variable speeds. In this investigation, changes in the microstructure are observed for deep drawn cups at ambient and elevated temperatures

Karakterisasi Tanaman Tamarillo Di Sulawesi Selatan

Tamarillo (Chypomandra betacea Sent.) is a high land plant, that has been grown and developed in several regions in Indonesia, including in Toraja. However, the fruit that has a slightly sour sweet taste has not been widely used as nutritious food. The study aimed to characterize tamarillo plants that grow in the three developing areas. Data and information obtained from this activity can be used as an important information to determine the characters and to distinguish cultivars tamarillo plants in the area. The research was conducted using survey methods and direct observation in the field from March-September 2014 in three areas, namely Sapan and Kantun Poya District, North Toraja Regency, and Sangalla District, in Tana Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi Province. Data were collected for morphological characters of stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and fruit nutrient content. Data were analyzed by simple statistical analysis and genetic relationship analysis using NTSys Program 2.1. The results showed that the toraja tamarillo had erect stems, round shape, height 2–5 meters, the leaves were dark green, flat type, slippery surface, facing upward. Purple flowers, the number of 10–12 fruits per cluster, with five stamens. Fruit type flat, oval, raw green color and when ripe striped maroon, production of 10–15 kg fruit/tree/year. The content of vitamin C was 30 mg/100 g, 2.6% of sugar, 85% of fruit juice content, 1.4% of total acid content, the amount of dissolved solids in the juice was 12.35%. The result of genetic relationship analysis using a 45 character traits showed that the cultivars Sangalla and Kantun Poya, as well as Sapan and Sangalla cultivars had a closed genetic relationship. Meanwhile, Sapan and Kantun Poya cultivars had much genetic relationship with different genetic trait

Going beyond carbon: An "Earth system impact" score to better capture corporate and investment impacts on the earth system

Corporations are responsible for a significant portion of observed impacts on the Earth system, including green-house gas (GHG) emissions, but also water extraction, landuse change and other pressures on nature. These nature-related impacts are essential to consider and capture because they have local impacts on a range of ecosystem functions on which companies and economies depend, but they also fundamentally affect our ability to mitigate and adapt to a changing climate. Furthermore, climate, land and water interact and affect each other in various ways, such that climate change can be exacerbated by degraded ecosystems, which in turn are dependent on water. This paper tests a novel metric developed to capture corporate Earth system impact (ESI) beyond merely direct GHG emissions and explores how such a tool could be used to improve assessments of corporate environmental impacts and support decisions on where to direct public and private investments. We use the mining sector as a test case to illustrate the applicability of the ESI score and examine the impact of the the five largest (by market cap) mining companies in the precious metal mining sector and the top five in the non-precious metal mining sector. We find that many of the mining assets have non-negligible impacts on land and water, and we show that the ESI metric identifies a different set of asset for targeted action than conventional carbon intensity scores would do

(E)-3-(Furan-2-yl)-1-(4-meth­oxy­phen­yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the title mol­ecule, C14H12O3, the prop-2-en-1-one unit forms dihedral angles of 12.96 (5) and 7.89 (7)° with the 4-meth­oxy­phenyl group and the furan ring, respectively. The furan and benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 8.56 (5)°. In the crystal, C—H⋯π and π–π inter­actions are observed between the benzene and heterocyclic rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.760 (1) Å]

DESIGN, FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF BUDESONIDE

Budesonide is a highly potent synthetic, nonhalogenated corticosteroid. The mechanism of action of corticosteroids in allergic rhinitis remains unknown, but may involve reductions in number of various mediator cells such as basophils, eosinophils, T-helper cells, mast cells, and neutrophils. In the nasal mucosa, nasal reactivity to allergens, and release of inflammatory mediators and proteolytic enzymes. Budesonide is very effective and quikly acting as it is rapidly and almost completely absorbed after oral administration, but has poor systemic availability (about 10%) due to extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver, mainly by the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP3A4.. The major metabolites, 6-β-hydroxybudesonide and 16-α-hydroxyprednisolone have less than 1% of the glucocorticoid activity of unchanged drug with a terminal half-life of about 2-4 hours. Polymeric films containing Eudragit RL 100: Eudragit RS: drug (7:3:1, 7:2:1) and Ethyl cellulose: PVP: drug (7:3:1, 7:2:1) were selected for transdermal administration based on evaluation studies. These polymeric films were prepared by mercury substrate method employing PEG-400 as plasticizer. Two different penetration enhancers Urea and Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) were employed in the study. The patches in each group were uniform in drug content, thickness. In Vitro drug permeation, moisture absorption and WVTR studies were carried out on these test patches. It was found that at all humidity condition the absorption increases which were linear to the moisture absorbed. In PVA and EUDRAGIT RL 100 patches the water vapor transmission rate was found to be higher at 75% RH, RT conditions. Therefore at both % RH, RT condition the PVA and EUDRAGIT RL 100 patches provides the best resistance to water vapor. Therefore, when applied to animals (in further studies) these patches may provide more occlusion to water vapor loss from skin thus making atmosphere beneath the skin more humid that aid in drug permeation

The structure of Chariklo's rings from stellar occultations

Two narrow and dense rings (called C1R and C2R) were discovered around the Centaur object (10199) Chariklo during a stellar occultation observed on 2013 June 3. Following this discovery, we planned observations of several occultations by Chariklo's system in order to better characterize the physical properties of the ring and main body. Here, we use 12 successful occulations by Chariklo observed between 2014 and 2016. They provide ring profiles (physical width, opacity, edge structure) and constraints on the radii and pole position. Our new observations are currently consistent with the circular ring solution and pole position, to within the $\pm 3.3$ km formal uncertainty for the ring radii derived by Braga-Ribas et al. The six resolved C1R profiles reveal significant width variations from $\sim 5$ to 7.5 km. The width of the fainter ring C2R is less constrained, and may vary between 0.1 and 1 km. The inner and outer edges of C1R are consistent with infinitely sharp boundaries, with typical upper limits of one kilometer for the transition zone between the ring and empty space. No constraint on the sharpness of C2R's edges is available. A 1$\sigma$ upper limit of $\sim 20$ m is derived for the equivalent width of narrow (physical width <4 km) rings up to distances of 12,000 km, counted in the ring plane

Earth system justice needed to identify and live within Earth system boundaries

Living within planetary limits requires attention to justice as biophysical boundaries are not inherently just. Through collaboration between natural and social scientists, the Earth Commission defines and operationalizes Earth system justice to ensure that boundaries reduce harm, increase well-being, and reflect substantive and procedural justice. Such stringent boundaries may also affect ‘just access’ to food, water, energy and infrastructure. We show how boundaries may need to be adjusted to reduce harm and increase access, and challenge inequality to ensure a safe and just future for people, other species and the planet. Earth system justice may enable living justly within boundaries

Constraints on Charon's Orbital Elements from the Double Stellar Occultation of 2008 June 22

The original publication is available at http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-3881/International audiencePluto and its main satellite, Charon, occulted the same star on 2008 June 22. This event was observed from Australia and La Réunion Island, providing the east and north Charon Plutocentric offset in the sky plane (J2000): X= + 12,070.5 ± 4 km (+ 546.2 ± 0.2 mas), Y= + 4,576.3 ± 24 km (+ 207.1 ± 1.1 mas) at 19:20:33.82 UT on Earth, corresponding to JD 2454640.129964 at Pluto. This yields Charon's true longitude L= 153.483 ± 0fdg071 in the satellite orbital plane (counted from the ascending node on J2000 mean equator) and orbital radius r= 19,564 ± 14 km at that time. We compare this position to that predicted by (1) the orbital solution of Tholen & Buie (the "TB97" solution), (2) the PLU017 Charon ephemeris, and (3) the solution of Tholen et al. (the "T08" solution). We conclude that (1) our result rules out solution TB97, (2) our position agrees with PLU017, with differences of ΔL= + 0.073 ± 0fdg071 in longitude, and Δr= + 0.6 ± 14 km in radius, and (3) while the difference with the T08 ephemeris amounts to only ΔL= 0.033 ± 0fdg071 in longitude, it exhibits a significant radial discrepancy of Δr= 61.3 ± 14 km. We discuss this difference in terms of a possible image scale relative error of 3.35 × 10-3in the 2002-2003 Hubble Space Telescope images upon which the T08 solution is mostly based. Rescaling the T08 Charon semi-major axis, a = 19, 570.45 km, to the TB97 value, a = 19636 km, all other orbital elements remaining the same ("T08/TB97" solution), we reconcile our position with the re-scaled solution by better than 12 km (or 0.55 mas) for Charon's position in its orbital plane, thus making T08/TB97 our preferred solution