43 research outputs found

    France et QuĂ©bec devant la diversitĂ© culturelle. Les politiques Ă  l’épreuve de la surditĂ©

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    Cet article porte sur les constructions identitaires des personnes sourdes en France et au QuĂ©bec, cadres politiques de traditions diffĂ©rentes dans la gestion des diffĂ©rences culturelles. Les personnes sourdes ont dĂ©veloppĂ© historiquement des espaces permettant l’apparition d’une vie collective, le partage de maniĂšres de dire et de penser leur rapport au monde, ainsi qu’une transmission linguistique et culturelle. La mise en place d’une politique d’intĂ©gration scolaire dans les annĂ©es 1970 en France et au QuĂ©bec a bouleversĂ© ces repĂšres traditionnels. Les sourds ont alors voulu affirmer publiquement leur existence culturelle spĂ©cifique, revendiquant le droit de s’exprimer en langues des signes. Ils souhaitent, au nom d’une meilleure participation sociale individuelle, que leur existence collective soit reconnue. Les rĂ©ponses institutionnelles des gouvernements français et quĂ©bĂ©cois Ă  ces nouvelles revendications sont analysĂ©es.This article analyses the identity constructions of the deaf in France and Quebec, two countries with different political traditions for the management of cultural differences. Historically the deaf have developed spaces that permitted the creation of collective life, shared ways of saying and thinking their relations with the world, and cultural and linguistic transfers. Both France and Quebec chose policies of educational integration in the 1970s, shaking up these traditional practices. Since then the deaf seek to publicly affirm their own cultural existence, claiming the right to express themselves in sign language. They hope, in the name of better individual participation, that their collective identity will be recognised. The responses of the institutions of the French and Quebec governments to these new claims are analysed

    La reproduction d’un groupe culturel extra-familial. Territoire et reconstruction de rĂ©seaux de transmission entre Sourds

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    Ce travail repose sur la mise en commun de recherches ethnographiques et historiques sur des collectivitĂ©s sourdes en France et au QuĂ©bec. Du 19e siĂšcle aux annĂ©es 1970, l’existence de collectivitĂ©s sourdes et de pratiques culturelles qui leur sont spĂ©cifiques est tributaire d’écoles rĂ©sidentielles spĂ©cialisĂ©es. En rassemblant dans des espaces de vie communs enfants et adultes sourds issus pour l’essentiel de familles « entendantes », elles ont permis l’éclosion d’une identitĂ© collective linguistique et culturelle, d’un ensemble de maniĂšres de faire, de penser et d’ĂȘtre sourdes. La dĂ©structuration de ces Ă©coles n’a pas aboli la prĂ©sence de « territoires sourds ». Le maintien de certaines pratiques culturelles reconduit la distinction entre « eux » et « nous » et dĂ©montre la reconstruction de rĂ©seaux de transmission. L’étude de ces rĂ©seaux, en France et au QuĂ©bec, permet de mieux comprendre les processus mis en oeuvre dans le maintien des identitĂ©s et les multiples rĂŽles jouĂ©s par les individus qui y sont impliquĂ©s.This analysis is based on ethnographic and historical studies of deaf communities in France and in Quebec. From the nineteenth century until the 1970s, deaf communities and their cultural practices were largely shaped by residential schools for the deaf. These schools brought together deaf children who mostly came from hearing families, and provided them with a common living space as well as contact with deaf adults. This allowed the emergence of a common linguistic and cultural identity, that is, ways of thinking and experiencing deafness. Moving away from residential schooling has not resulted in the disappearance of « deaf territories ». Specific cultural practices remain, which maintain a distinction between « them » and « us » suggesting that networks whereby culture and identity are transmitted have been reconstructed outside of their traditional loci. Studying these networks in France and Quebec provides a better understanding of the processes at work in maintaining identities and highlights the multiple roles played by the individuals involved

    Quand les acquis d’un mouvement social crĂ©ent les conditions d’un militantisme mĂ©dical : l’exemple des sourds

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    Plusieurs dĂ©bats traversent les sciences de la vie concernant la maniĂšre de penser la surditĂ© et, au-delĂ , les rapports entre nature et culture. Si, pour la plupart d’entre nous, la surditĂ© se rĂ©sume Ă  une dĂ©ïŹcience auditive, des sourds ont, pour leur part, une reprĂ©sentation culturelle endogĂšne – propre et spĂ©ciïŹque – d’eux-mĂȘmes. Mais toutes les personnes atteintes de surditĂ© ne se disent ni ne sont reconnues comme « Sourdes ». Comme en attestent notre terrain en France et au QuĂ©bec depuis ..

    Diversité des usages et des questions anthropologiques, au prisme des formations sur les sourds

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    L’anthropologie se dĂ©veloppe aujourd’hui bien au-delĂ  des murs des universitĂ©s et les situations d’enseignement se multiplient. Le prĂ©sent texte interroge ces usages de l’anthropologie dans diffĂ©rentes formations, Ă  travers le croisement des regards de quatre formateurs Ɠuvrant dans le domaine des pratiques culturelles et identitaires spĂ©cifiques Ă  des sourds. Ainsi, s’articule de diffĂ©rente maniĂšre un ensemble de savoirs anthropologiques, de concepts et de mĂ©thodes propres Ă  la discipline. Ces expĂ©riences particuliĂšres d’enseignement d’une anthropologie hors les murs sont alors un lieu de mise Ă  l’épreuve des constructions thĂ©oriques de la discipline et de rĂ©flexivitĂ© sur les dĂ©marches mĂ©thodologiques contribuant au renouvellement du regard de l’anthropologue.Anthropology is now expanding beyond the walls of universities and the contexts of teaching are increasing in numbers. This text examines these uses of anthropology in different training contexts through a comparison of the perspectives of four trainers working in the field of cultural practices and identity relating to deaf people. Thus, a set of anthropological knowledge, concepts and specific disciplinary methods is articulated in different ways. These specific experiences surrounding the teaching of anthropology outside the academic world represent an opportunity to test the discipline’s theoretical constructs as well as reflexivity about methodological approaches, while allowing the perspective of the anthropologist to constantly be renewed

    Démarche de pratique réflexive au collégial dans l'enseignement de la philosophie et du français, langue d'enseignement et littérature

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    "La prĂ©sente recherche a Ă©tĂ© subventionnĂ©e par le ministĂšre de l'Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport dans le cadre du Programme d'aide Ă  la recherche sur l'enseignement et l'apprentissage (PAREA)"Titre de l'Ă©cran-titre (visionnĂ© le 12 nov. 2008).Également disponible en format papier.MĂ©diagraphi

    Le programme de formation et les stratĂ©gies Ă©ducatives dĂ©clarĂ©es offerts aux adolescents ayant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme qui frĂ©quentent une classe spĂ©cialisĂ©e

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    Cet article discute des modalitĂ©s du programme de formation de l’école quĂ©bĂ©coise et les stratĂ©gies Ă©ducatives utilisĂ©es auprĂšs d’élĂšves du secondaire ayant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA) et frĂ©quentant une classe spĂ©cialisĂ©e en Ă©cole ordinaire. L’article prĂ©sente les rĂ©sultats d’une Ă©tude Ă  laquelle quinze enseignantes en adaptation scolaire ont participĂ©. D’abord, les donnĂ©es rĂ©vĂšlent que les classes, bien que se voulant homogĂšnes, apparaissent plutĂŽt hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes. Les enseignantes interrogĂ©es suivent le parcours de formation gĂ©nĂ©rale et font appel Ă  une diversitĂ© de stratĂ©gies Ă©ducatives pour rĂ©pondre aux diffĂ©rents besoins des Ă©lĂšves; le soutien de la technicienne en Ă©ducation spĂ©cialisĂ©e devient alors essentiel Ă  l’adaptation de leur enseignement. Enfin, peu de ressources sont disponibles pour encadrer le travail des enseignantes quant au choix de stratĂ©gies Ă©ducatives efficaces

    Comment Ă©duquer et accompagner les adolescents et les jeunes adultes dans l’univers mĂ©diatique contemporain pour les aider Ă  grandir?

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    L’arrivĂ©e d’internet a bouleversĂ© et remodelĂ© le rapport Ă  l’information et les interactions sociales. Les pratiques informationnelles actuelles renouvellent la notion de source, complexifient le rapport Ă  la vĂ©ritĂ© et renforcent l’expression de l’opinion, parfois au dĂ©triment des faits. Dans ce contexte, l’Éducation aux MĂ©dias et Ă  l’Information (EMI) apparaĂźt comme un enjeu majeur

    From sleep spindles of natural sleep to spike and wave discharges of typical absence seizures: is the hypothesis still valid?

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    The temporal coincidence of sleep spindles and spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies, together with the transformation of spindles into SWDs following intramuscular injection of the weak GABAA receptor (GABAAR) antagonist, penicillin, in an experimental model, brought about the view that SWDs may represent ‘perverted’ sleep spindles. Over the last 20 years, this hypothesis has received considerable support, in particular by in vitro studies of thalamic oscillations following pharmacological/genetic manipulations of GABAARs. However, from a critical appraisal of the evidence in absence epilepsy patients and well-established models of absence epilepsy it emerges that SWDs can occur as frequently during wakefulness as during sleep, with their preferential occurrence in either one of these behavioural states often being patient dependent. Moreover, whereas the EEG expression of both SWDs and sleep spindles requires the integrity of the entire cortico-thalamo-cortical network, SWDs initiates in cortex while sleep spindles in thalamus. Furthermore, the hypothesis of a reduction in GABAAR function across the entire cortico-thalamo-cortical network as the basis for the transformation of sleep spindles into SWDs is no longer tenable. In fact, while a decreased GABAAR function may be present in some cortical layers and in the reticular thalamic nucleus, both phasic and tonic GABAAR inhibitions of thalamo-cortical neurons are either unchanged or increased in this epileptic phenotype. In summary, these differences between SWDs and sleep spindles question the view that the EEG hallmark of absence seizures results from a transformation of this EEG oscillation of natural sleep

    Bi-allelic Loss-of-Function CACNA1B Mutations in Progressive Epilepsy-Dyskinesia.

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    The occurrence of non-epileptic hyperkinetic movements in the context of developmental epileptic encephalopathies is an increasingly recognized phenomenon. Identification of causative mutations provides an important insight into common pathogenic mechanisms that cause both seizures and abnormal motor control. We report bi-allelic loss-of-function CACNA1B variants in six children from three unrelated families whose affected members present with a complex and progressive neurological syndrome. All affected individuals presented with epileptic encephalopathy, severe neurodevelopmental delay (often with regression), and a hyperkinetic movement disorder. Additional neurological features included postnatal microcephaly and hypotonia. Five children died in childhood or adolescence (mean age of death: 9 years), mainly as a result of secondary respiratory complications. CACNA1B encodes the pore-forming subunit of the pre-synaptic neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel Cav2.2/N-type, crucial for SNARE-mediated neurotransmission, particularly in the early postnatal period. Bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in CACNA1B are predicted to cause disruption of Ca2+ influx, leading to impaired synaptic neurotransmission. The resultant effect on neuronal function is likely to be important in the development of involuntary movements and epilepsy. Overall, our findings provide further evidence for the key role of Cav2.2 in normal human neurodevelopment.MAK is funded by an NIHR Research Professorship and receives funding from the Wellcome Trust, Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital Charity, and Rosetrees Trust. E.M. received funding from the Rosetrees Trust (CD-A53) and Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity. K.G. received funding from Temple Street Foundation. A.M. is funded by Great Ormond Street Hospital, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), and Biomedical Research Centre. F.L.R. and D.G. are funded by Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. K.C. and A.S.J. are funded by NIHR Bioresource for Rare Diseases. The DDD Study presents independent research commissioned by the Health Innovation Challenge Fund (grant number HICF-1009-003), a parallel funding partnership between the Wellcome Trust and the Department of Health, and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (grant number WT098051). We acknowledge support from the UK Department of Health via the NIHR comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre award to Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust in partnership with King's College London. This research was also supported by the NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre. J.H.C. is in receipt of an NIHR Senior Investigator Award. The research team acknowledges the support of the NIHR through the Comprehensive Clinical Research Network. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, Department of Health, or Wellcome Trust. E.R.M. acknowledges support from NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, an NIHR Senior Investigator Award, and the University of Cambridge has received salary support in respect of E.R.M. from the NHS in the East of England through the Clinical Academic Reserve. I.E.S. is supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (Program Grant and Practitioner Fellowship)
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