44 research outputs found

    Drop Traffic in Microfluidic Ladder Networks with Fore-Aft Structural Asymmetry

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    We investigate the dynamics of pairs of drops in microfluidic ladder networks with slanted bypasses, which break the fore-aft structural symmetry. Our analytical results indicate that unlike symmetric ladder networks, structural asymmetry introduced by a single slanted bypass can be used to modulate the relative drop spacing, enabling them to contract, synchronize, expand, or even flip at the ladder exit. Our experiments confirm all these behaviors predicted by theory. Numerical analysis further shows that while ladder networks containing several identical bypasses are limited to nearly linear transformation of input delay between drops, mixed combination of bypasses can cause significant non-linear transformation enabling coding and decoding of input delays.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

    Large-Scale Assessment of the Zebrafish Embryo as a Possible Predictive Model in Toxicity Testing

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    Background: In the drug discovery pipeline, safety pharmacology is a major issue. The zebrafish has been proposed as a model that can bridge the gap in this field between cell assays (which are cost-effective, but low in data content) and rodent assays (which are high in data content, but less cost-efficient). However, zebrafish assays are only likely to be useful if they can be shown to have high predictive power. We examined this issue by assaying 60 water-soluble compounds representing a range of chemical classes and toxicological mechanisms. Methodology/Principal Findings: Over 20,000 wild-type zebrafish embryos (including controls) were cultured individually in defined buffer in 96-well plates. Embryos were exposed for a 96 hour period starting at 24 hours post fertilization. A logarithmic concentration series was used for range-finding, followed by a narrower geometric series for LC 50 determination. Zebrafish embryo LC50 (log mmol/L), and published data on rodent LD50 (log mmol/kg), were found to be strongly correlated (using Kendall’s rank correlation tau and Pearson’s product-moment correlation). The slope of the regression line for the full set of compounds was 0.73403. However, we found that the slope was strongly influenced by compound class. Thus, while most compounds had a similar toxicity level in both species, some compounds were markedly more toxic in zebrafish than in rodents, or vice versa. Conclusions: For the substances examined here, in aggregate, the zebrafish embryo model has good predictivity for toxicit

    SEIS: Insight’s Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure of Mars

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    By the end of 2018, 42 years after the landing of the two Viking seismometers on Mars, InSight will deploy onto Mars’ surface the SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure) instrument; a six-axes seismometer equipped with both a long-period three-axes Very Broad Band (VBB) instrument and a three-axes short-period (SP) instrument. These six sensors will cover a broad range of the seismic bandwidth, from 0.01 Hz to 50 Hz, with possible extension to longer periods. Data will be transmitted in the form of three continuous VBB components at 2 sample per second (sps), an estimation of the short period energy content from the SP at 1 sps and a continuous compound VBB/SP vertical axis at 10 sps. The continuous streams will be augmented by requested event data with sample rates from 20 to 100 sps. SEIS will improve upon the existing resolution of Viking’s Mars seismic monitoring by a factor of ∌ 2500 at 1 Hz and ∌ 200 000 at 0.1 Hz. An additional major improvement is that, contrary to Viking, the seismometers will be deployed via a robotic arm directly onto Mars’ surface and will be protected against temperature and wind by highly efficient thermal and wind shielding. Based on existing knowledge of Mars, it is reasonable to infer a moment magnitude detection threshold of Mw ∌ 3 at 40◩ epicentral distance and a potential to detect several tens of quakes and about five impacts per year. In this paper, we first describe the science goals of the experiment and the rationale used to define its requirements. We then provide a detailed description of the hardware, from the sensors to the deployment system and associated performance, including transfer functions of the seismic sensors and temperature sensors. We conclude by describing the experiment ground segment, including data processing services, outreach and education networks and provide a description of the format to be used for future data distribution

    Etude de la reconnaissance d'odeurs florales chez l'abeille domestique

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    * Inra Poitou-Charentes, ERIST, Route de Saintes BP 6, 86600 Lusignan (FRA) Diffusion du document : Inra Poitou-Charentes, ERIST, Route de Saintes BP 6, 86600 Lusignan (FRA

    Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Landolt Reaction in an Open Spatial Reactor with Conical Geometry

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    In a previous study, the iodate-sulfite proton autoactivated reaction (Landolt reaction) was shown to exhibit spatial bistability and spatiotemporal oscillations when operated in an open spatial reactor with fixed “thickness”, i.e., feed boundary to core distance. Here, we show that the spatial reactors with conical geometry enable one to rapidly probe the sensitivity of the above phenomena over a large range of the “thickness” parameter. This often-neglected parameter in chemical pattern studies plays an important role on the selection and stability of states. We reveal that the quenching capacity of slow diffusing polyacrylate ions on the spatiotemporal oscillations depends on this “thickness”. The presented results should be useful for further research on reaction diffusion patterns and chemomechanical structures

    Biominéralisation et préservation des traces de vie dans les roches précambriennes

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    La minĂ©ralisation des micro-organismes au cours du PrĂ©cambrien Ă©tait diffĂ©rente de celle qui se produit actuellement. A l'ArchĂ©en infĂ©rieur (> 3,3 Ga), c'est Ă  dire avant l'apparition de micro-organismes utilisant la photosynthĂšse oxygĂ©nique, les cellules Ă©taient gĂ©nĂ©ralement silicifiĂ©s. Cette silicification massive disparaĂźtra ensuite totalement. Ainsi, Ă  partir du ProtĂ©rozoĂŻque, et jusqu'Ă  aujourd'hui, les microfossiles sont majoritairement calcifiĂ©s. D'autres types de minĂ©raux, comme les oxydes de fer, peuvent Ă©galement ĂȘtre impliquĂ©s dans la fossilisation, en particulier dans certains environnements tels que les sources hydrothermales. Cette particularitĂ© de l'archĂ©en infĂ©rieur est-elle uniquement due Ă  des conditions environnementales diffĂ©rentes (les ocĂ©ans de l'Ă©poque Ă©taient effectivement saturĂ©s en silice, ce qui n'est plus le cas ensuite), ou la composition des parois des micro-organismes prĂ©servĂ©s a-t-elle pu jouer un rĂŽle ? Et quelle a pu ĂȘtre l'influence des minĂ©raux activement bioprĂ©cipitĂ©s par certains micro-organismes, par rapport Ă  une prĂ©cipitation purement physico-chimique ? Pour mieux comprendre la prĂ©servation des micro-organismes prĂ©cambriens, diffĂ©rentes approches sont actuellement mises en oeuvre : (1) une approche expĂ©rimentale oĂč diffĂ©rentes souches de microorganismes sont fossilisĂ©es dans des condition physico-chimiques variables, et ce avec diffĂ©rents minĂ©raux, (2) l'Ă©tude in situ de micro-organismes dans les milieux fossilisants actuels, avec pour objectif la comprĂ©hension de l'environnement physico-chimique au moment de la fossilisation, et (3) des Ă©tudes in-situ intĂ©grĂ©s de microfossiles prĂ©cambriens grĂące Ă  une instrumentation de pointe. Les nanotechnologies ont montrĂ© que des microfossiles bien prĂ©servĂ©s selon des standards optiques ont perdu pratiquement toute leur matiĂšre organique. Chez ces derniers, la fossilisation en deux temps (calcification suivie d'une silicification) pourrait expliquer la dĂ©gradation importante des parois, qui contraste fortement avec la prĂ©servation des parois observĂ©es chez des espĂšces ayant subi une silicification directe. Cependant, les analyses expĂ©rimentales ont Ă©galement montrĂ© que certains micro-organismes ne sont absolument pas prĂ©servĂ©s par des dĂ©pĂŽts directs de silice

    Biominéralisation et préservation des traces de vie dans les roches précambriennes

    No full text
    La minĂ©ralisation des micro-organismes au cours du PrĂ©cambrien Ă©tait diffĂ©rente de celle qui se produit actuellement. A l'ArchĂ©en infĂ©rieur (> 3,3 Ga), c'est Ă  dire avant l'apparition de micro-organismes utilisant la photosynthĂšse oxygĂ©nique, les cellules Ă©taient gĂ©nĂ©ralement silicifiĂ©s. Cette silicification massive disparaĂźtra ensuite totalement. Ainsi, Ă  partir du ProtĂ©rozoĂŻque, et jusqu'Ă  aujourd'hui, les microfossiles sont majoritairement calcifiĂ©s. D'autres types de minĂ©raux, comme les oxydes de fer, peuvent Ă©galement ĂȘtre impliquĂ©s dans la fossilisation, en particulier dans certains environnements tels que les sources hydrothermales. Cette particularitĂ© de l'archĂ©en infĂ©rieur est-elle uniquement due Ă  des conditions environnementales diffĂ©rentes (les ocĂ©ans de l'Ă©poque Ă©taient effectivement saturĂ©s en silice, ce qui n'est plus le cas ensuite), ou la composition des parois des micro-organismes prĂ©servĂ©s a-t-elle pu jouer un rĂŽle ? Et quelle a pu ĂȘtre l'influence des minĂ©raux activement bioprĂ©cipitĂ©s par certains micro-organismes, par rapport Ă  une prĂ©cipitation purement physico-chimique ? Pour mieux comprendre la prĂ©servation des micro-organismes prĂ©cambriens, diffĂ©rentes approches sont actuellement mises en oeuvre : (1) une approche expĂ©rimentale oĂč diffĂ©rentes souches de microorganismes sont fossilisĂ©es dans des condition physico-chimiques variables, et ce avec diffĂ©rents minĂ©raux, (2) l'Ă©tude in situ de micro-organismes dans les milieux fossilisants actuels, avec pour objectif la comprĂ©hension de l'environnement physico-chimique au moment de la fossilisation, et (3) des Ă©tudes in-situ intĂ©grĂ©s de microfossiles prĂ©cambriens grĂące Ă  une instrumentation de pointe. Les nanotechnologies ont montrĂ© que des microfossiles bien prĂ©servĂ©s selon des standards optiques ont perdu pratiquement toute leur matiĂšre organique. Chez ces derniers, la fossilisation en deux temps (calcification suivie d'une silicification) pourrait expliquer la dĂ©gradation importante des parois, qui contraste fortement avec la prĂ©servation des parois observĂ©es chez des espĂšces ayant subi une silicification directe. Cependant, les analyses expĂ©rimentales ont Ă©galement montrĂ© que certains micro-organismes ne sont absolument pas prĂ©servĂ©s par des dĂ©pĂŽts directs de silice

    Zur Struktur von ?-Lactose-Monohydrat (Milchzucker)

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