265 research outputs found

    Xanthine oxidoreductase in essential hypertension and metabolic syndrome : Experimental studies on rodent models

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    Hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia and dysglycemia constitute metabolic syndrome, a major public health concern, which is associated with cardiovascular mortality. High dietary salt (NaCl) is the most important dietary risk factor for elevated blood pressure. The kidney has a major role in salt-sensitive hypertension and is vulnerable to harmful effects of increased blood pressure. Elevated serum urate is a common finding in these disorders. While dysregulation of urate excretion is associated with cardiovascular diseases, present studies aimed to clarify the role of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), i.e. xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and its post-translational isoform xanthine oxidase (XO), in cardiovascular diseases. XOR yields urate from hypoxanthine and xanthine. Low oxygen levels upregulate XOR in addition to other factors. In present studies higher renal XOR activity was found in hypertension-prone rats than in the controls. Furthermore, NaCl intake increased renal XOR dose-dependently. To clarify whether XOR has any causal role in hypertension, rats were kept on NaCl diets for different periods of time, with or without a XOR inhibitor, allopurinol. While allopurinol did not alleviate hypertension, it prevented left ventricular and renal hypertrophy. Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) produce nitric oxide (NO), which mediates vasodilatation. A paucity of NO, produced by NOS inhibition, aggravated hypertension and induced renal XOR, whereas NO generating drug, alleviated salt-induced hypertension without changes in renal XOR. Zucker fa/fa rat is an animal model of metabolic syndrome. These rats developed substantial obesity and modest hypertension and showed increased hepatic and renal XOR activities. XOR was modified by diet and antihypertensive treatment. Cyclosporine (CsA) is a fungal peptide and one of the first-line immunosuppressive drugs used in the management of organ transplantation. Nephrotoxicity ensue high doses resulting in hypertension and limit CsA use. CsA increased renal XO substantially in salt-sensitive rats on a high NaCl diet, indicating a possible role for this reactive oxygen species generating isoform in CsA nephrotoxicity. Renal hypoxia, common to these rodent models of hypertension and obesity, is one of the plausible XOR inducing factors. Although XOR inhibition did not prevent hypertension, present experimental data indicate that XOR plays a role in the pathology of salt-induced cardiac and renal hypertrophy.Kohonnut verenpaine on aivohalvauksen, sepelvaltimotaudin ja sydÀmen vajaatoiminnan riskitekijÀ. Metabolisessa oireyhtymÀssÀ se esiintyy yhdessÀ lihavuuden, lipidi- sekÀ sokeriaineenvaihdunnan hÀiriöiden kanssa. Runsas suola (NaCl) on ravinnon tÀrkein verenpainetaudille altistava tekijÀ. Munuaisilla on merkittÀvÀ osuus verenpainetaudin kehittymisessÀ, ja samalla munuaiset ovat alttiita verenpaineen haittavaikutuksille. Verenpainetautiin liittyvÀt verenkierron muutokset ja suolan erityksen aiheuttama energiatarpeen lisÀÀntyminen voivat heikentÀÀ munuaisten hapensaantia. TÀssÀ tutkimuksessa selvitettiin elÀinmallien avulla ksantiinioksidoreduktaasin (XOR) osuutta verenpainetaudissa ja metabolisessa oireyhtymÀssÀ. Proteiinisynteesin tuottama ksantiinireduktaasi (XDH) voi edelleen muuttua ksantiinioksidaasiksi (XO). SekÀ XDH ettÀ XO tuottavat uraattia, XO tuottaa myös reaktiivisia hapen metaboliitteja. XOR-aktiivisuus kohoaa hapen alentuneen osapaineen vaikutuksesta. Munuaisten XOR-aktiivisuuden havaittiin olevan merkittÀvÀsti koholla verenpaineherkillÀ rotilla verrokkeihin nÀhden. Suolan anto lisÀsi munuaisten XOR-aktiivisuutta ja mRNA:ta. XOR-entsyymin estolla ei ollut verenpainevaikutuksia, mutta se esti suolan aiheuttaman munuaisten ja sydÀmen vasemman kammion haitallisen liikakasvun. Typpioksidi (NO) on verisuonia laajentava tekijÀ, joka osallistuu natriumerityksen sÀÀtelyyn. NO-tuotannon esto vahvisti suolan verenpainevaikutuksia ja lisÀsi munuaisten XOR-aktiivisuutta. NO-mÀÀrÀÀ lisÀÀvÀn isosorbidi-5-mononitraatin avulla saatiin aikaan verenpaineen lasku, mutta sillÀ ei ollut vaikutusta munuaisten XOR-aktiivisuuteen. Perinnöllisesti ylipainoisilla rotilla olivat verenpaineet ja XOR-aktiivisuudet lievÀsti kohonneet. VerenpainelÀÀke valsartaani laski XOR-aktiivisuuksia. Siklosporiini on elinsiirtojen yhteydessÀ kÀytetty hyljintÀreaktioita estÀvÀ peptidi. Siklosporiinin havaittiin lisÀÀvÀn ainoastaan XO-muodon aktiivisuutta, mikÀ voi osaltaan selittÀÀ sen munuaistoksisuutta. Suola lisÀsi XO-aktiivisuutta edelleen. Munuaisten XOR-aktiivisuuden lisÀÀntyminen nÀissÀ malleissa viittaa muutoksiin happitaseessa, mutta myös muilla mekanismeilla voi olla merkitystÀ. Liialliseen suolansaantiin, yhdessÀ kohonneen verenpaineen kanssa, mutta myös siitÀ riippumatta, liittyy sydÀmen vasemman kammion seinÀmÀn ja munuaisten liikakasvu. Tutkimuksen perusteella XOR osallistuu nÀihin haitallisiin prosesseihin

    Ravinnon kasvinsuojeluainejÀÀmÀt : kumulatiivinen riskinarviointi

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    Kasvinsuojeluaineita kĂ€ytetÀÀn elintarviketuotannossa kasvitautien ehkĂ€isemiseen sekĂ€ kasvintuhoojien vaikutusten ajoittamiseen ja kasvun sÀÀtelyyn. KĂ€ytettyjen tehoaineiden riskinarviointi yksi kerrallaan on tuottanut tĂ€rkeÀÀ perustietoa, mutta se ei ole antanut selkeÀÀ kokonaiskuvaa kuluttajien altistumisesta. TĂ€mĂ€n vuoksi asetelmaa tarkasteltiin kokonaisvaltaisesti, ottaen kaikki elintarvikkeista havaitut tehoainejÀÀmĂ€t mukaan arvioon kumulatiivisesti. Aikuisten lisĂ€ksi mukana on ensi kertaa myös lapsiryhmiĂ€. EnsimmĂ€istĂ€ kertaa Suomessa tarkastellaan sekĂ€ pitkĂ€aikaista ettĂ€ akuuttia altistusta. Esitetty kumulatiivinen riskinarviointi perustuu vuosina 2002- 2008 kasvinsuojeluainejÀÀmien valvonnassa yhteensĂ€ 10 565 elintarvikenĂ€ytteestĂ€ saatuihin tutkimustuloksiin. LisĂ€ksi riskinarvioinnissa on kĂ€ytetty Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitoksen ja DIPP-konsortion tuottamia aikuisten ja lasten ruoankulutustietoja (Finravinto 2007 ja DIPP-ravintotutkimukset). Ravinnon vĂ€littĂ€mĂ€lle tehoainejÀÀmien altistukselle on tunnusomaista matala perustaso, jossa esiintyy lyhytaikaisia altistushuippuja. Kun ravinnon vĂ€littĂ€mĂ€ pitkĂ€aikainen altistus kasvinsuojeluaineille on hyvĂ€ksyttĂ€vĂ€llĂ€ tasolla, ei lyhytaikaisen altistuksen tilanne kaikilta osin ole yhtĂ€ hyvĂ€. Kolmivuotiailla lapsilla todennĂ€köisyys aRfD:n ylittymiselle on organofosfaattien ja karbamaattien osalta ollut suurempi kuin 0,1 % eli enemmĂ€n kuin yksi tuhannesta, mikĂ€ ei vielĂ€ vastaa tavoitteita. Ylitykset aiheutuvat tuontituotteista,koska niiden taustalla olevia karbamaatteja ja organofosfaatteja ei enÀÀ kĂ€ytetĂ€ Suomessa. MyönteistĂ€ kehitystĂ€ on tapahtunut, mutta tilannetta on aiheellista edelleen seurata.VĂ€xtskyddsmedel anvĂ€nds i livsmedelsproduktionen för att förhindra vĂ€xtsjukdomar och för att begrĂ€nsa effekterna av skadegörare samt för reglering av tillvĂ€xten. Att man vĂ€rderat risker av ett anvĂ€nt effektĂ€mne Ă„t gĂ„ngen har producerat viktig grundinformation, men det har inte gett en klar helhetsbild av exponering av konsumenter. DĂ€rför granskades Ă€rendet helhetsbetonat, sĂ„ att alla i livsmedel framkomna rester av effektĂ€mnen kumulativt togs med i vĂ€rderingen. För första gĂ„ngen var med ocksĂ„ barngrupper utöver de vuxna. LikasĂ„ för första gĂ„ngen granskades i Finland bĂ„de lĂ„ngvarig och akut exponering. Den framförda kumulativa riskvĂ€rderingen grundar sig pĂ„ de forskningsresultat av 10 565 livsmedelsprov som erhĂ„llits vid övervakningen av vĂ€stskyddsmedelsrester under Ă„ren 2002–2008. Dessutom har man i riskvĂ€rderingen anvĂ€nt de uppgifter om vuxnas och barns matkonsumtion som producerats av Institutet för hĂ€lsa och vĂ€lfĂ€rd och DIPP-konsortiet (Finravinto 2007 och DIPP-nĂ€ringsundersökningarna). Exponering för rester av effektĂ€mnen i kosten kĂ€nnetecknas av en lĂ„g grundnivĂ„ med kortvariga exponeringstoppar. Även om lĂ„ngvarig exponering för vĂ€xtskyddsmedel via kosten ligger pĂ„ godkĂ€nd nivĂ„, Ă€r lĂ€get för alla delar inte lika bra med kortvarig exponering. Sannolikheten för överskridande av aRfD har hos 3-Ă„riga barn varit större Ă€n 0,1 %, dvs. fler Ă€n 1 av 1 000 nĂ€r det gĂ€ller organofosfater och karbamater, vilket Ă€nnu inte motsvarar de mĂ„l som stĂ€llts. En positiv utveckling har skett, men det Ă€r skĂ€l att vidare följa lĂ€get.Plant production products are used to prevent plant diseases, to restrict harmful organisms, and to regulate growth. The consumer risks of active substances are evaluated considering one substance at a time, which gives crucial information, but as such cannot give an overall picture of dietary exposure. The probability of dietary exposure was estimated by cumulative simulation methods. For the first time in Finland exposure estimation in acute setting and also among sensitive groups, such as young children, has been carried out. The cumulative risk assessment presented herein is based on research results gained in control of pesticides residues from a total of 10 565 foodstuff samples. Moreover, risk assessment has utilised data on food consumption of adults and children, produced by the National Institute for Health and Welfare and the DIPP Consortium (the National FINDIET 2007 Survey and DIPP Nutrition Studies). Dietary exposure to residues of plant protection products is characterized by a low chronic exposure level, on which higher acute exposure occasionally takes place. While chronic exposure to pesticide residues did not raise any concerns, the situation in acute exposure setting cannot be considered equally good. Carbamates and organophosphates resulted in aRfD exceedances among children and adults with a probability higher than 0,01%. While the probability of an aRfD exceedance in adult group in the past few years has decreased to acceptable levels, among three-year old children it has not. Although the most important underlying carbamates and organophosphates are not used in Finland any more, current situation does not in all respects fulfil the goals set for the level of protection. Therefore monitoring of sensitive subpopulations should be continued

    Evaluation of High-Throughput PCR and Microarray-Based Assay in Conjunction with Automated DNA Extraction Instruments for Diagnosis of Sepsis

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    BACKGROUND: High incidence of septic patients increases the pressure of faster and more reliable bacterial identification methods to adapt patient management towards focused and effective treatment options. The aim of this study was to assess two automated DNA extraction solutions with the PCR and microarray-based assay to enable rapid and reliable detection and speciation of causative agents in the diagnosis of sepsis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We evaluated two automated DNA instruments NucliSENS¼ easyMAG¼ and NorDiag Arrow for the preparation of blood culture samples. A set of 91 samples flagged as positive during incubation was analyzed prospectively with the high-throughput generation of Prove-itℱ Sepsis assay designed to identify over 60 gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species as well as methicillin resistance marker from a blood culture. Bacterial findings were accurately reported from 77 blood culture samples, whereas 14 samples were reported as negative, containing bacteria not belonging to the pathogen panel of the assay. No difference was observed between the performance of NorDiag Arrow or NucliSENS¼ easyMAG¼ with regard to the result reporting of Prove-itℱ Sepsis. In addition, we also assessed the quality and quantity of DNA extracted from the clinical Escherichia coli isolate with DNA extraction instruments. We observed only minor differences between the two instruments. CONCLUSIONS: Use of automated and standardized sample preparation methods together with rapid, multiplex pathogen detection offers a strategy to speed up reliably the diagnostics of septic patients. Both tested DNA extraction devices were shown to be feasible for blood culture samples and the Prove-itℱ Sepsis assay, providing an accurate identification of pathogen within 4.5 hours when the detected pathogen was in the repertoire of the test

    Association of C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist and Adiponectin with the Metabolic Syndrome

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    This Finnish population-based study, mean age 46 years, evaluates the association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and adiponectin with the NCEP and IDF definitions of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Adiponectin levels were higher, hs-CRP and IL-1Ra levels lower in subjects without MetS compared to subjects with MetS. If MetS was present according to both IDF and NCEP criteria, BMI, waist, triglycerides, hs-CRP, and IL-1Ra were significantly higher compared to subjects who had MetS according to either only IDF or only NCEP criteria. The hs-CRP, IL-1Ra, and adiponectin linearly correlated with the number of the components of MetS according to both definitions. Decreased levels of adiponectin and increased levels of hs-CRP and IL-1Ra are tightly associated with the components of MetS. Individuals who had MetS according to both criteria had the most adverse changes in cardiovascular risk factors

    Selvitys automaattiajamisen edellyttÀmistÀ tiedoista ja kehittÀmistarpeista

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    Selvityksen tarkoituksena on kuvata tieliikenteen automaattiajamisen tietotarpeet ja niihin liittyvÀt kehitystarpeet siltÀ osin, kuin kyseessÀ ovat julkisen sektorin lÀhteistÀ julkisesti saatavilla olevat tietolajit. TiedonhankintamenetelminÀ olivat kirjallisuusselvitys, tekijÀn sisÀiset työpajat, nykyisten tietosisÀltöjen inventointi ja asiantuntijoiden haastattelut. Fyysisen infrastruktuurin omistajien on syytÀ pitÀÀ huolta myös digitaalisesta infrastruktuuristaan paitsi omiin tienpidon ja liikenteenhallinnan tarpeisiinsa, myös liikkujien, ml. automaattiajamisen tarpeisiin. On pidettÀvÀ mielessÀ, ettÀ automaatiotason 3 sujuva automaattiajaminen vaatii paljon digitaaliselta infrastruktuurilta ja, ettÀ tason 3 ajoneuvot yleistyvÀt pian. Suomessa julkisesti saatavilla olevien tietojen kattavuus on melko hyvÀ. MerkittÀvimpiÀ puuttuvia kokonaisuuksia ovat mm. liikenteen valo-ohjausjÀrjestelmien ajantasainen data, useimpien kaupunkien sisÀiset liikennetiedotteet sekÀ kaupunkien liikennemerkkien osoittamien kieltojen ja rajoitusten vaikutusalueet koneluettavassa muodossa. Automaattiajamisen edellytysten parantamiseksi merkittÀvÀÀ kehitystÀ pitÀÀ tapahtua myös nykyisin saatavilla olevien tietolajien tarkkuudessa ja ajantasaisuudessa, eli varsinkin informaation luomisen ja sen yllÀpidon prosesseissa. Automaattiajamisen tuomia erityispiirteitÀ koskeva keskustelu sekÀ tiedon laatua yllÀpitÀvien prosessien parantaminen voidaan aloittaa het

    Gender Differences Relating to Metabolic Syndrome and Proinflammation in Finnish Subjects with Elevated Blood Pressure

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    Fasting insulin, adiponectin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) were determined in 278 men and 273 women with blood pressure ≄130 and/or ≄85 mmHg and/or with antihypertensive medication. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) with the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria was observed in 35% of men and 34% of women. Men with MetS had lower hs-CRP and IL-1Ra than women. The absolute gender difference in adiponectin was smaller and those in IL-1Ra and hs-CRP were greater in subjects with MetS compared to those without. After adjustment with body mass index the association between insulin and the odd's ratio (OR) for MetS remained significant in both genders, in females also the association between the OR for MetS and adiponectin. There are gender differences in subjects with elevated blood pressure and MetS with respect to inflammatory markers and the relationship between adiponectin levels and MetS

    Timing of surgery for ruptured supratentorial arteriovenous malformations

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    There are conflicting opinions regarding the optimal waiting time to perform surgery after rupture of supratentorial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) to achieve the best possible outcome. To analyze factors influencing outcomes for ruptured supratentorial AVMs after surgery, paying particular attention to the timing of the surgery. We retrospectively investigated 59 patients admitted to our center between 2000 and 2014 for surgical treatment of ruptured supratentorial AVMs. We evaluated the effect of timing of surgery and other variables on the outcome at 2-4 months (early outcome), at 12 months (intermediate outcome) after surgery, and at final follow-up at the end of 2016 (late outcome). Age over 40 years (OR 18.4; 95% CI 1.9-172.1; p = 0.011), high Hunt and Hess grade (4 or 5) before surgery (OR 13.5; 95% CI 2.1-89.2; p = 0.007), hydrocephalus on admission (OR 12.9; 95% CI 1.8-94.4; p = 0.011), and over 400 cm(3) bleeding during surgery (OR 11.5; 95% CI 1.5-86.6; p = 0.017) were associated with an unfavorable early outcome. Age over 40 years (OR 62.8; 95% CI 2.6-1524.9; p = 0.011), associated aneurysms (OR 34.7; 95% CI 1.4-829.9; p = 0.029), high Hunt and Hess grade before surgery (OR 29.2; 95% CI 2.6-332.6; p = 0.007), and over 400 cm(3) bleeding during surgery (OR 35.3; 95% CI 1.7-748.7; p = 0.022) were associated with an unfavorable intermediate outcome. Associated aneurysms (OR 8.2; 95% CI 1.2-55.7; p = 0.031), high Hunt and Hess grade before surgery (OR 5.7; 95% CI 1.3-24.3; p = 0.019), and over 400 cm(3) bleeding during surgery (OR 5.8; 95% CI 1.2-27.3; p = 0.027) were associated with an unfavorable outcome at last follow-up. Elapsed time between rupture and surgery did not affect early or final outcome. Early surgery in patients with ruptured supratentorial arteriovenous malformation is feasible strategy, with late results comparable to those achieved with delayed surgery. Many other factors than timing of surgery play significant roles in long-term outcomes for surgically treated ruptured supratentorial AVMs.Peer reviewe
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