L'empire des figures. Aux frontières de l'écriture japonaise

L'empire des figures. Aux frontières de l'écriture japonaiseCe texte explore les rapports entre écriture et culture nationale. Contrairement à la théorie utilitaire qui domine nos sciences linguistiques en ce qui concerne les caractères chinois dans l'écriture japonaise, nous suivons les théories de Karatani, Lyotard et Derrida, afin d'évoquer l'« étoilement » du signe, et dans des registres différents : son et marque, parler et voir, discours et figure. Pourtant, même si on arrivait à situer un tel étoilement hors du logocentricisme de l'Occident, l'étoilement comme tel n'est pas nécessairement déconstructif ou déconstruit. Il peut à son tour offrir un régime productif de surcodage japonais. Les écrits de Tanizaki Jun'ichirô et Mori Ôgai nous permettent de démontrer et d'analyser de tels effets.Mots clés : Lamarre, études coloniales, écriture, identité nationale, JaponThe Empire of Signs : The Boundaries of Japanese WritingThis essay explore the relationship of writing and national culture. In opposition to the utilitarian theory that dominates the linguistic sciences with respect to Chinese characters in Japanese writing, it pursues the theories of Karatani, Lyotard and Derrida, in order to evoke the constellated nature of the sign, and in différent registers : sound and mark, speaking and seeing, discourse and figure. Nevertheless, even if it is possible to situate the constellation of the sign outside Western logocentricism, constellation in itself is not necessarily a deconstructed or deconstructive site. It can offer in turn a productive regime of overcoding. The writings of Tanizaki Jun'ichirô and Mori Ôgai afford a way to demonstrate and analyse such effects.Key words : Lamarre, colonial studies, writing, national identity, Japa

Adresse plurilingue et pratique contre-orientaliste

En 2003, dans une nouvelle postface à Orientalism intitulée « L’Orientalisme, 25 ans plus tard », Edward Said relevait que la compréhension générale du Moyen-Orient, des Arabes et de l’Islam ne s’était pas vraiment améliorée depuis la publication de son livre. A la suite des évènements du 11 septembre 2001, de l’invasion illégale et de l’occupation impérialiste par les Etats-Unis et la Grande-Bretagne de l’Afghanistan et de l’Irak, les représentations du Moyen-Orient ont renforcé l’idée d’un ..

Les films d’animation numérique et la répétition du cinéma

This paper explores the ways in which the theories and production of digital media can entail certain assumptions about the history of cinema. Particularly important is an exploration of two very different ways of conceptualizing and actualizing the repetition of cinema in digital animation. On the one hand, in Lev Manovich’s Language of New Media and in Sakaguchi Hironobu’s 2001 digitally animated film Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within, one finds a form of ‘fatal repetition,’ which insists on mediatic closure and systemization and reinforces a teleological approach to history. On the other hand, in recent theories of early cinema and in Rintarô’s 2001 animated film Metropolis, one sees a form of ‘serial repetition,’ in which repetition of cinema results in the production of incommensurable temporalities that defy resolution or completion while promising redemption. Between these two tendencies new possibilities arise for thinking between cinema and digital animation

Classical Film Style and Classical Literature : History and Temporality in the Screenplays of Tanizaki Jun\u27ichirō

Historical Consciousness, Historiography, and Modern Japanese Values, 2002年10月末-11月, カナダ, アルバータ州バン

Multilingual Address and Counter-Orientalist Practice

In 2003, in a new afterword to Orientalism entitled “Orientalism 25 Years Later,” Edward Said noted that the general understanding of the Middle East, the Arabs and Islam had not really improved in the intervening years. In the aftermath of the events of September 11, 2001 and Britain and the United States’s illegal invasion and imperial occupation of Afghanistan and Iraq, representations of the Middle East bolstered the notion of an implacable clash of civilizations. Impossibly, ironically, ..

Targeted expression profiling reveals distinct stages of early canine fibroblast reprogramming are regulated by 2-oxoglutarate hydroxylases

Background: Ectopic expression of a defined set of transcription factors allows the reprogramming of mammalian somatic cells to pluripotency. Despite continuous progress in primate and rodent reprogramming, limited attention has been paid to cell reprogramming in domestic and companion species. Previous studies attempting to reprogram canine cells have mostly assessed a small number of presumptive canine induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines for generic pluripotency attributes. However, why canine cell reprogramming remains extremely inefficient is poorly understood. Methods: To better characterize the initial steps of pluripotency induction in canine somatic cells, we optimized an experimental system where canine fetal fibroblasts (cFFs) are transduced with the Yamanaka reprogramming factors by Sendai virus vectors. We use quantitative PCR arrays to measure the expression of 80 target genes at various stages of canine cell reprogramming. We ask how cFF reprogramming is influenced by small molecules affecting the epigenomic modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, specifically L-ascorbic acid and retinoic acid (AA/RA). Results: We found that the expression and catalytic output of a class of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent (2-OG) hydroxylases, known as ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes, can be modulated in canine cells treated with AA/RA. We further show that AA/RA treatment induces TET1 expression and facilitates early canine reprogramming, evidenced by upregulation of epithelial and pluripotency markers. Using a chemical inhibitor of 2-OG hydroxylases, we demonstrate that 2-OG hydroxylase activity regulates the expression of a subset of genes involved in mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) and pluripotency in early canine reprogramming. We identify a set of transcription factors depleted in maturing reprogramming intermediates compared to pluripotent canine embryonic stem cells. Conclusions: Our findings highlight 2-OG hydroxylases have evolutionarily conserved and divergent functions regulating the early reprogramming of canine somatic cells and show reprogramming conditions can be rationally optimized for the generation of maturing canine iPSC

Personalization through query explanation and document adaptation

International audienceWe present a new formal approach to retrieval personaliza- tion which emcompasses a query personalization process at the user's side with a light document adaptation at the in- formation server's side. Our solution relies on the use of a domain ontology: queries and documents are in fact indexed by sets of concepts. For each concept of the query, the query personalization process allows to express the importance of linked concepts, which may vary according to the search con- text. Each query concept can be ”clarified” by this process; although the proposed method clarifies only central query concepts. The initial query as well as its defined clarifica- tions are sent to the server. Then, the server reconsiders its document representations based on both the query and the concepts clarifications it received. The proposed solution does not require that the information server maintains any user profile, and can be useful when, for privacy concerns, it is committed not to profiling the users

Mysins : Make Your Semantic INformation System

Article court accompagnant une démonstration logicielle. I.S.B.N. : 9782854289220International audienceLa sémantique est de plus en plus utilisée dans différents domaines comme la recherche d'information (RI) et le Web sémantique. Dans le domaine de la RI, différents participants interviennent : des fournisseurs d'informations et des utilisateurs. L'utilisation de la sémantique nécessite la mise en œuvre de mécanismes précis. En RI, il s'agit entre autre de l'utilisation d'ontologies, du calcul de similarité et de l'indexation. L'étude de chacun de ces axes nécessite un effort important de synthèse et d'intégration. Pour palier le manque évident d'une architecture générique distribuée pour la conception de systèmes d'information sémantiques, nous proposons un framework : Mysins

Tracking HCV protease population diversity during transmission and susceptibility of founder populations to antiviral therapy

Due to the highly restricted species-tropism of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) a limited number of animal models exist for pre-clinical evaluation of vaccines and antiviral compounds. The human-liver chimeric mouse model allows heterologous challenge with clinically relevant strains derived from patients. However, to date, the transmission and longitudinal evolution of founder viral populations in this model have not been characterized in-depth using state-of-the-art sequencing technologies. Focusing on NS3 protease encoding region of the viral genome, mutant spectra in a donor inoculum and individual recipient mice were determined via Illumina sequencing and compared, to determine the effects of transmission on founder viral population complexity. In all transmissions, a genetic bottleneck was observed, although diverse viral populations were transmitted in each case. A low frequency cloud of mutations ( 1% restricted to a subset of nucleotides. The population of SNVs >1% was reduced upon transmission while the low frequency SNV cloud remained stable. Fixation of multiple identical synonymous substitutions was apparent in independent transmissions, and no evidence for reversion of T-cell epitopes was observed. In addition, susceptibility of founder populations to antiviral therapy was assessed. Animals were treated with protease inhibitor (PI) monotherapy to track resistance associated substitution (RAS) emergence. Longitudinal analyses revealed a decline in population diversity under therapy, with no detectable RAS >1% prior to therapy commencement. Despite inoculation from a common source and identical therapeutic regimens, unique RAS emergence profiles were identified in different hosts prior to and during therapeutic failure, with complex mutational signatures at protease residues 155, 156 and 168 detected. Together these analyses track viral population complexity at high-resolution in the human-liver chimeric mouse model post-transmission and under therapeutic intervention, revealing novel insights into the evolutionary processes which shape viral protease population composition at various critical stages of the viral life-cycle