122 research outputs found

    Thirteen microsatellites developed by SSR-enriched pyrosequencing for Solanum rostratum (Solanaceae) and related species

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    Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed using second-generation sequencing in Solanum rostratum as a tool to study the reproductive biology and genetic structure of this invasive species. Methods and Results: Thirteen microsatellites were successfully discovered and amplified in a single multiplexed PCR. All loci showed genetic variation in S. rostratum. Cross-amplification in five closely related taxa was successful for a subset of loci. Conclusions: The set of 13 microsatellite markers developed here provides a time-effective and cost-effective genetic tool to study the reproductive biology of S. rostratum. The demonstrated transferability of the PCR multiplex to related taxa also highlights its usefulness for evolutionary studies across Solanum sect. Androceras

    Population genomic and historical analysis suggests a global invasion by bridgehead processes in Mimulus guttatus

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    © 2021, The Author(s). Imperfect historical records and complex demographic histories present challenges for reconstructing the history of biological invasions. Here, we combine historical records, extensive worldwide and genome-wide sampling, and demographic analyses to investigate the global invasion of Mimulus guttatus from North America to Europe and the Southwest Pacific. By sampling 521 plants from 158 native and introduced populations genotyped at >44,000 loci, we determined that invasive M. guttatus was first likely introduced to the British Isles from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska), followed by admixture from multiple parts of the native range. We hypothesise that populations in the British Isles then served as a bridgehead for vanguard invasions worldwide. Our results emphasise the highly admixed nature of introduced M. guttatus and demonstrate the potential of introduced populations to serve as sources of secondary admixture, producing novel hybrids. Unravelling the history of biological invasions provides a starting point to understand how invasive populations adapt to novel environments

    Dynamique d'hybridation dans le complexe d'espĂšces des chĂȘnes blancs europĂ©ens : ChĂȘnes pĂ©donculĂ©s - Quercus robur L., sessiles - Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl., pubescents - Q. pubescens Willd. et tauzins - Q. pyrenaica Willd

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    Hybridisation is a complex process with diverse consequences on species evolution. Hybridisation is difficult to study when species are not clearly morphologically distinguished. Our aim was to study the role of hybridisation in the evolution of the European white oak species complex. We used population genetic tools to quantify contemporary interspecific gene flow and to study the mating system of four oak species. A fast genetic analysis protocol was developed and genetic assignment methods were first tested by simulation and then used to determine the species of each tree and to identify hybrids. These methods revealed that hybrid percentages were between 10 to 30% depending on the natural population studied and that all species pairs were involved. We showed that the census number of species in the stands had an influence on hybridisation dynamics and on introgression direction. We studied the mating system of these species in controlled crosses and in the forest to understand the maintenance of species despite interspecific gene flow. Several reproductive barriers contribute to a partial isolation of species, mostly pre-reproductive and prezygotic. A paternity analysis of maternal progenies sampled in the forest showed that first generation hybridisation was rare but that F1 hybrids were fertile and were mating mostly with one of the two parental species, creating numerous backcrosses that explain the high percentages of hybrids observed in the natural populations studied. Hybridisation and introgression are active processes in oaks and contribute to the evolution of the species complex.L’hybridation est un processus aux consĂ©quences diverses sur l’évolution des espĂšces qui est difficile Ă  Ă©tudier lorsque les espĂšces se distinguent mal au niveau morphologique. Afin de comprendre le rĂŽle de l'hybridation dans l’évolution du complexe d’espĂšces des chĂȘnes blancs europĂ©en, nous avons utilisĂ© des outils de la gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations pour quantifier les flux de gĂšnes interspĂ©cifiques contemporains et Ă©tudier le systĂšme de reproduction de quatre espĂšces. Un protocole d'analyse gĂ©nĂ©tique rapide a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© et des mĂ©thodes d’assignations gĂ©nĂ©tiques, permettant de dĂ©terminer l’espĂšce de chaque arbre et d’identifier les hybrides, ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es par simulations. Cette mĂ©thode a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e en populations naturelles rĂ©vĂ©lant un pourcentage d'hybrides variant de 10 Ă  30% en fonction des populations et impliquant tous les couples d'espĂšces. Nous avons montrĂ© que les effectifs des espĂšces dans les parcelles influencent la dynamique d'hybridation et la directionalitĂ© de l'introgression. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© le systĂšme de reproduction de ces espĂšces en croisements contrĂŽlĂ©es et en forĂȘt pour expliquer le maintien des espĂšces malgrĂ© la prĂ©sence de flux de gĂšnes interspĂ©cifiques. L'existence de plusieurs barriĂšres reproductives contribue Ă  un isolement partiel des espĂšces qui dĂ©pend principalement de barriĂšres prĂ©-reproductives et prĂ©zygotiques. Une analyse de paternitĂ© pratiquĂ©e sur des descendances rĂ©coltĂ©es en forĂȘt montre que l'hybridation de premiĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ration est rare mais que ces hybrides F1 sont fertiles et se reproduisent principalement avec l'une des espĂšces parentales, produisant de nombreux rĂ©trocroisements qui expliquent le fort pourcentage d'hybrides observĂ© dans les populations naturelles Ă©tudiĂ©es. L'hybridation et l'introgression sont donc des processus Ă  l'Ɠuvre chez les chĂȘnes qui contribuent Ă  l'Ă©volution du complexe d'espĂšces

    Étude comparĂ©e de la structuration gĂ©nĂ©tique des chĂȘnes Ă  l’échelle d’un paysage

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    Une grande partie des forĂȘts europĂ©ennes est dominĂ©e par les chĂȘnes (genre Quercus). Ces espĂšces ont longtemps Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es d’un point de vue taxonomique et Ă©cologique. RĂ©cemment, l’étude du polymorphisme de l’ADN chloroplastique a permis de mieux comprendre la taxonomie du genre ainsi que l’histoire de la recolonisation postglaciaire de ces espĂšces. Des flux de gĂšnes intenses entre espĂšces ont Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence grĂące au dĂ©veloppement de marqueurs nuclĂ©aires trĂšs polymorphes (microsatellites). Cette caractĂ©ristique des chĂȘnes Ă  s’hybrider entre espĂšces a conduit Ă  les considĂ©rer comme appartenant Ă  un complexe d’espĂšces. La zone Ă©tudiĂ©e ici est situĂ©e dans le canton d’Aurignac (Haute Garonne). Elle se distingue par son Ă©tendue relativement restreinte (Ă©chelle du paysage), sa composition en espĂšce (trois espĂšces de chĂȘnes reprĂ©sentĂ©s : chĂȘnes pĂ©donculĂ©s, sessile et pubescent) et la structuration fragmentĂ©e de ces peuplements forestiers. L’analyse du polymorphisme de l’ADN chloroplastique indique la fixation d’un variant chloroplastique Ă  l’échelle du paysage malgrĂ© la diversitĂ© relativement forte de ce type de marqueur Ă  l’échelle rĂ©gionale. De plus, la structuration gĂ©ographique des haplotypes correspond aux traces laissĂ©es par la recolonisation postglaciaire. Les massifs forestiers ont donc Ă©tĂ© rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©s naturellement ou par plantation de graines locales. La gestion en taillis sous futaie caractĂ©risĂ©e par une multiplication asexuĂ©e peut avoir stabilisĂ© la structuration gĂ©ographique des haplotypes. Deux locus microsatellites connus pour diffĂ©rencier les chĂȘnes sessile et pĂ©donculĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©s au sein des populations. Ces locus discriminent le chĂȘne pubescent ce qui indique que des processus communs discriminent les trois espĂšces. Un troisiĂšme locus ne prĂ©sente pas de diffĂ©renciation interspĂ©cifique. La structuration gĂ©ographique de ces locus correspond Ă  la rĂ©partition des espĂšces au sein du paysage. Les analyses de structuration intraspĂ©cifique montrent l’absence de phĂ©nomĂšne d’isolement par la distance, rĂ©sultat expliquĂ© par le flux de pollen intense et Ă  longue distance chez les chĂȘnes.Most European forests are dominated by oaks (genus Quercus). These species have been studied for a long time for taxonomic and ecological issues. Recently, studies of chloroplast DNA polymorphism made it possible to better understand the taxonomy of the genus and the story of the postglacial colonisation of these species. Intensive gene flow between species was highlighted thanks to the use of highly polymorphic nuclear markers (microsatellites). Since most white oak species are hybridising, they are considered as part of a species complex. The studied area is located close to Aurignac (Haute Garonne). It is characterised by its relatively restricted extent, its species composition (three oak species are present: pedunculate, sessile and pubescent oaks) and the fragmented structure of these forests. Analysis of chloroplast DNA polymorphism shows the fixation of one single haplotype at the local level, despite the relatively strong diversity observed at the regional scale. Moreover, the geographical structure of haplotypes corresponds to the postglacial colonisation process. The forests were thus likely regenerated naturally or by local seed plantation. Management in coppice is characterised by an asexual multiplication and may have stabilised the geographical structure of haplotypes. Two microsatellite loci known to differentiate sessile and pedunculate oaks were analysed within these populations. These loci discriminate also pubescent oaks, indicating that common processes are acting to maintain the three species. A third locus does not differentiate the three species. The geographic structure of the three loci corresponds to the distribution of species within the landscape. Analyses of intra-specific structure show an absence of isolation by distance, due to intensive and long distance pollen flow in oaks

    Planification d’expĂ©rience RADseq : approche par simulation.

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    Hybridisation dynamics in the European white oak species complex : pedunculate oak - Quercus robur L., sessile - Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl., pubescent - Q. pubescens Willd. and pyrenean - Q. pyrenaica Willd

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    L’hybridation est un processus aux consĂ©quences diverses sur l’évolution des espĂšces qui est difficile Ă  Ă©tudier lorsque les espĂšces se distinguent mal au niveau morphologique. Afin de comprendre le rĂŽle de l'hybridation dans l’évolution du complexe d’espĂšces des chĂȘnes blancs europĂ©en, nous avons utilisĂ© des outils de la gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations pour quantifier les flux de gĂšnes interspĂ©cifiques contemporains et Ă©tudier le systĂšme de reproduction de quatre espĂšces. Un protocole d'analyse gĂ©nĂ©tique rapide a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© et des mĂ©thodes d’assignations gĂ©nĂ©tiques, permettant de dĂ©terminer l’espĂšce de chaque arbre et d’identifier les hybrides, ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es par simulations. Cette mĂ©thode a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e en populations naturelles rĂ©vĂ©lant un pourcentage d'hybrides variant de 10 Ă  30% en fonction des populations et impliquant tous les couples d'espĂšces. Nous avons montrĂ© que les effectifs des espĂšces dans les parcelles influencent la dynamique d'hybridation et la directionalitĂ© de l'introgression. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© le systĂšme de reproduction de ces espĂšces en croisements contrĂŽlĂ©es et en forĂȘt pour expliquer le maintien des espĂšces malgrĂ© la prĂ©sence de flux de gĂšnes interspĂ©cifiques. L'existence de plusieurs barriĂšres reproductives contribue Ă  un isolement partiel des espĂšces qui dĂ©pend principalement de barriĂšres prĂ©-reproductives et prĂ©zygotiques. Une analyse de paternitĂ© pratiquĂ©e sur des descendances rĂ©coltĂ©es en forĂȘt montre que l'hybridation de premiĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ration est rare mais que ces hybrides F1 sont fertiles et se reproduisent principalement avec l'une des espĂšces parentales, produisant de nombreux rĂ©trocroisements qui expliquent le fort pourcentage d'hybrides observĂ© dans les populations naturelles Ă©tudiĂ©es. L'hybridation et l'introgression sont donc des processus Ă  l'Ɠuvre chez les chĂȘnes qui contribuent Ă  l'Ă©volution du complexe d'espĂšces.Hybridisation is a complex process with diverse consequences on species evolution. Hybridisation is difficult to study when species are not clearly morphologically distinguished. Our aim was to study the role of hybridisation in the evolution of the European white oak species complex. We used population genetic tools to quantify contemporary interspecific gene flow and to study the mating system of four oak species. A fast genetic analysis protocol was developed and genetic assignment methods were first tested by simulation and then used to determine the species of each tree and to identify hybrids. These methods revealed that hybrid percentages were between 10 to 30% depending on the natural population studied and that all species pairs were involved. We showed that the census number of species in the stands had an influence on hybridisation dynamics and on introgression direction. We studied the mating system of these species in controlled crosses and in the forest to understand the maintenance of species despite interspecific gene flow. Several reproductive barriers contribute to a partial isolation of species, mostly pre-reproductive and prezygotic. A paternity analysis of maternal progenies sampled in the forest showed that first generation hybridisation was rare but that F1 hybrids were fertile and were mating mostly with one of the two parental species, creating numerous backcrosses that explain the high percentages of hybrids observed in the natural populations studied. Hybridisation and introgression are active processes in oaks and contribute to the evolution of the species complex

    Hybridisation dynamics in the European white oak species complex : pedunculate oak - Quercus robur L., sessile - Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl., pubescent - Q. pubescens Willd. and pyrenean - Q. pyrenaica Willd

    No full text
    L’hybridation est un processus aux consĂ©quences diverses sur l’évolution des espĂšces qui est difficile Ă  Ă©tudier lorsque les espĂšces se distinguent mal au niveau morphologique. Afin de comprendre le rĂŽle de l'hybridation dans l’évolution du complexe d’espĂšces des chĂȘnes blancs europĂ©en, nous avons utilisĂ© des outils de la gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations pour quantifier les flux de gĂšnes interspĂ©cifiques contemporains et Ă©tudier le systĂšme de reproduction de quatre espĂšces. Un protocole d'analyse gĂ©nĂ©tique rapide a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© et des mĂ©thodes d’assignations gĂ©nĂ©tiques, permettant de dĂ©terminer l’espĂšce de chaque arbre et d’identifier les hybrides, ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es par simulations. Cette mĂ©thode a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e en populations naturelles rĂ©vĂ©lant un pourcentage d'hybrides variant de 10 Ă  30% en fonction des populations et impliquant tous les couples d'espĂšces. Nous avons montrĂ© que les effectifs des espĂšces dans les parcelles influencent la dynamique d'hybridation et la directionalitĂ© de l'introgression. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© le systĂšme de reproduction de ces espĂšces en croisements contrĂŽlĂ©es et en forĂȘt pour expliquer le maintien des espĂšces malgrĂ© la prĂ©sence de flux de gĂšnes interspĂ©cifiques. L'existence de plusieurs barriĂšres reproductives contribue Ă  un isolement partiel des espĂšces qui dĂ©pend principalement de barriĂšres prĂ©-reproductives et prĂ©zygotiques. Une analyse de paternitĂ© pratiquĂ©e sur des descendances rĂ©coltĂ©es en forĂȘt montre que l'hybridation de premiĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ration est rare mais que ces hybrides F1 sont fertiles et se reproduisent principalement avec l'une des espĂšces parentales, produisant de nombreux rĂ©trocroisements qui expliquent le fort pourcentage d'hybrides observĂ© dans les populations naturelles Ă©tudiĂ©es. L'hybridation et l'introgression sont donc des processus Ă  l'Ɠuvre chez les chĂȘnes qui contribuent Ă  l'Ă©volution du complexe d'espĂšces.Hybridisation is a complex process with diverse consequences on species evolution. Hybridisation is difficult to study when species are not clearly morphologically distinguished. Our aim was to study the role of hybridisation in the evolution of the European white oak species complex. We used population genetic tools to quantify contemporary interspecific gene flow and to study the mating system of four oak species. A fast genetic analysis protocol was developed and genetic assignment methods were first tested by simulation and then used to determine the species of each tree and to identify hybrids. These methods revealed that hybrid percentages were between 10 to 30% depending on the natural population studied and that all species pairs were involved. We showed that the census number of species in the stands had an influence on hybridisation dynamics and on introgression direction. We studied the mating system of these species in controlled crosses and in the forest to understand the maintenance of species despite interspecific gene flow. Several reproductive barriers contribute to a partial isolation of species, mostly pre-reproductive and prezygotic. A paternity analysis of maternal progenies sampled in the forest showed that first generation hybridisation was rare but that F1 hybrids were fertile and were mating mostly with one of the two parental species, creating numerous backcrosses that explain the high percentages of hybrids observed in the natural populations studied. Hybridisation and introgression are active processes in oaks and contribute to the evolution of the species complex

    Hybridisation dynamics in the European white oak species complex (pedunculate oak - Quercus robur L., sessile - Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl., pubescent - Q. pubescens Willd. and pyrenean - Q. pyrenaica Willd.)

    No full text
    L’hybridation est un processus aux consĂ©quences diverses sur l’évolution des espĂšces qui est difficile Ă  Ă©tudier lorsque les espĂšces se distinguent mal au niveau morphologique. Afin de comprendre le rĂŽle de l'hybridation dans l’évolution du complexe d’espĂšces des chĂȘnes blancs europĂ©ens, nous avons utilisĂ© des outils de la gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations pour quantifier les flux de gĂšnes interspĂ©cifiques contemporains et Ă©tudier le systĂšme de reproduction de quatre espĂšces. Un protocole d'analyse gĂ©nĂ©tique rapide a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© et des mĂ©thodes d’assignations gĂ©nĂ©tiques, permettant de dĂ©terminer l’espĂšce de chaque arbre et d’identifier les hybrides, ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es par simulations. Cette mĂ©thode a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e en populations naturelles rĂ©vĂ©lant un pourcentage d'hybrides variant de 10 Ă  30% en fonction des populations et impliquant tous les couples d'espĂšces. Nous avons montrĂ© que les effectifs des espĂšces dans les parcelles influencent la dynamique d'hybridation et la directionalitĂ© de l'introgression. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© le systĂšme de reproduction de ces espĂšces en croisements contrĂŽlĂ©s et en forĂȘt pour expliquer le maintien des espĂšces malgrĂ© la prĂ©sence de flux de gĂšnes interspĂ©cifiques. L'existence de plusieurs barriĂšres reproductives contribue Ă  un isolement partiel des espĂšces qui dĂ©pend principalement de barriĂšres prĂ©reproductives et prĂ©zygotiques. Une analyse de paternitĂ© pratiquĂ©e sur des descendances rĂ©coltĂ©es en forĂȘt montre que l'hybridation de premiĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ration est rare mais que ces hybrides F1 sont fertiles et se reproduisent principalement avec l'une des espĂšces parentales, produisant de nombreux rĂ©trocroisements qui expliquent le fort pourcentage d'hybrides observĂ© dans les populations naturelles Ă©tudiĂ©es. L'hybridation et l'introgression sont donc des processus Ă  l'oeuvre chez les chĂȘnes qui contribuent Ă  l'Ă©volution du complexe d'espĂšces.Hybridisation is a complex process with diverse consequences on species evolution. Hybridisation is difficult to study when species are not clearly morphologically distinguished. Our aim was to study the role of hybridisation in the evolution of the European white oak species complex. We used population genetic tools to quantify contemporary interspecific gene flow and to study the mating system of four oak species. A fast genetic analysis protocol was developed and genetic assignment methods were first tested by simulation and then used to determine the species of each tree and to identify hybrids. These methods revealed that hybrid percentages were between 10 to 30% depending on the natural population studied and that all species pairs were involved. We showed that the census number of species in the stands had an influence on hybridisation dynamics and on introgression direction. We studied the mating system of these species in controlled crosses and in the forest to understand the maintenance of species despite interspecific gene flow. Several reproductive barriers contribute to a partial isolation of species, mostly pre-reproductive and prezygotic. A paternity analysis of maternal progenies sampled in the forest showed that first generation hybridisation was rare but that F1 hybrids were fertile and were mating mostly with one of the two parental species, creating numerous backcrosses that explain the high percentages of hybrids observed in the natural populations studied. Hybridisation and introgression are active processes in oaks and contribute to the evolution of the species complex

    Dynamique d'hybridation dans le complexe d'espĂšces des chĂȘnes blancs europĂ©ens (ChĂȘnes pĂ©donculĂ©s - Quercus robur L., sessiles - Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl., pubescents -Q. pubescens Willd. et tauzins - Q. pyrenaica Willd.)

    No full text
    DiplĂŽme : Dr. d'UniversiteHybridisation is a complex process with diverse consequences on species evolution. Hybridisation is difficult to study when species are not clearly morphologically distinguished. Our aim was to study the role of hybridisation in the evolution of the European white oak species complex. We used population genetic tools to quantify contemporary interspecific gene flow and to study the mating system of four oak species. A fast genetic analysis protocol was developed and genetic assignment methods were first tested by simulation and then used to determine the species of each tree and to identify hybrids. These methods revealed that hybrid percentages were between 10 to 30% depending on the natural population studied and that all species pairs were involved. We showed that the census number of species in the stands had an influence on hybridisation dynamics and on introgression direction. We studied the mating system of these species in controlled crosses and in the forest to understand the maintenance of species despite interspecific gene flow. Several reproductive barriers contribute to a partial isolation of species, mostly pre-reproductive and prezygotic. A paternity analysis of maternal progenies sampled in the forest showed that first generation hybridisation was rare but that F1 hybrids were fertile and were mating mostly with one of the two parental species, creating numerous backcrosses that explain the high percentages of hybrids observed in the natural populations studied. Hybridisation and introgression are active processes in oaks and contribute to the evolution of the species complex.L’hybridation est un processus aux consĂ©quences diverses sur l’évolution des espĂšces qui est difficile Ă  Ă©tudier lorsque les espĂšces se distinguent mal au niveau morphologique. Afin de comprendre le rĂŽle de l'hybridation dans l’évolution du complexe d’espĂšces des chĂȘnes blancs europĂ©ens, nous avons utilisĂ© des outils de la gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations pour quantifier les flux de gĂšnes interspĂ©cifiques contemporains et Ă©tudier le systĂšme de reproduction de quatre espĂšces. Un protocole d'analyse gĂ©nĂ©tique rapide a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© et des mĂ©thodes d’assignations gĂ©nĂ©tiques, permettant de dĂ©terminer l’espĂšce de chaque arbre et d’identifier les hybrides, ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es par simulations. Cette mĂ©thode a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e en populations naturelles rĂ©vĂ©lant un pourcentage d'hybrides variant de 10 Ă  30% en fonction des populations et impliquant tous les couples d'espĂšces. Nous avons montrĂ© que les effectifs des espĂšces dans les parcelles influencent la dynamique d'hybridation et la directionalitĂ© de l'introgression. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© le systĂšme de reproduction de ces espĂšces en croisements contrĂŽlĂ©s et en forĂȘt pour expliquer le maintien des espĂšces malgrĂ© la prĂ©sence de flux de gĂšnes interspĂ©cifiques. L'existence de plusieurs barriĂšres reproductives contribue Ă  un isolement partiel des espĂšces qui dĂ©pend principalement de barriĂšres prĂ©reproductives et prĂ©zygotiques. Une analyse de paternitĂ© pratiquĂ©e sur des descendances rĂ©coltĂ©es en forĂȘt montre que l'hybridation de premiĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ration est rare mais que ces hybrides F1 sont fertiles et se reproduisent principalement avec l'une des espĂšces parentales, produisant de nombreux rĂ©trocroisements qui expliquent le fort pourcentage d'hybrides observĂ© dans les populations naturelles Ă©tudiĂ©es. L'hybridation et l'introgression sont donc des processus Ă  l'oeuvre chez les chĂȘnes qui contribuent Ă  l'Ă©volution du complexe d'espĂšces
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