Exploring the relationship between electronic literacy and heritage language maintenance

This paper focuses on the electronic literacy practices of two Korean-American heritage language learners who manage Korean weblogs. Online users deliberately alter standard forms of written language and play with symbols, characters, and words to economize typing effort, mimic oral language, or convey qualities of their linguistic identity such as gender, age, and emotional states. However, little is known about the impact of computer-mediated nonstandard language use on heritage learners’ linguistic development. Through in-depth case studies of two siblings, the study examines the linguistic and pragmatic practices of these learners online and the perceived effects of non-standard forms of computer-mediated language on their heritage language development and maintenance. The data show that electronic literacy practices provide authentic opportunities to use the language and support the development of a social network of Korean speakers, which results in greater sociopsychological attachment to the Korean language and culture. The informants report that the deviant language forms found in e-texts enable them to engage in online interactions without the pressures of having to spell the words correctly. However, they express frustrations in not being able to distinguish between correct and non-standard forms of the language, which appear to be affecting their offline language use

Comparative study of immunocytochemical patterns of somatotrophs, mammotrophs, and mammosomatotrophs in the porcine anterior pituitary

The anterior pituitary gland is a dynamic and complex endocrine gland that synthesizes and secretes trophic hormones from distinct endocrine cells including mammotrophs (prolactin cells or lactotrophs) and somatotrophs (growth hormone cells) to play essential roles in the maintenance of homeostasis, metabolism, reproduction, growth, and lactation. Recently, the existence of a novel anterior pituitary cell type, the mammosomatotroph which contained both growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) was proposed to function as a transitional cell or progenitor cell between somatotrophs and mammotrophs under various physiological conditions. The present study investigated the spatial distribution patterns of somatotrophs, mammotrophs, and mammosomatotrophs by counting the number of immunopositive cells at three positions in each of 5 regions at 3 levels in the porcine anterior pituitary from newborn and prepubertal stages of pigs (day 1, day 45, and day 90) by using fluorescence immunocytochemistry. There were no significant differences among the total somatotrophs per counting area across the three age groups. However, significant increases were observed among the total numbers of mammotrophs and mammosomatotrophs across the three age groups (day 1: day 45 and day 1: day 90, P\u3c0.01). There were distinct spatial changes in these cell types across different regions, positions, and levels in the anterior pituitary. Somatotrophs were densely distributed in lateral wings of the anterior lobe (regions 1 and 5) whereas mammotrophs were numerous in shoulder areas (regions 2 and 4) in all age groups. In the center (region 3), near the intermediate lobe (positions a and b) at the proximal level, there was a significant decrease in the total number of somatotrophs from day 1 to day 90 (P\u3c0.01). However, mammotrophs and mammosomatotrophs significantly increased from day 1 to day 90 (P\u3c0.01). From proximal to distal level, in the center and the outer surface of the anterior lobe (position c), the number of somatotrophs, mammotrophs, and mammosomatotrophs significantly increased (P\u3c0.01). The results of these studies strongly suggest regional specificity of cellular transformation or interconversion to facilitate GH and PRL secretion as the need for endocrine regulation during the rapid growth period in the young pig

Immunocytochemical light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy study of growth hormone secreting cells in the porcine anterior pituitary

The anterior pituitary contains cells that produce and secrete growth hormone (GH) into the circulating blood that plays a critical role in muscle accretion, lipolysis and lean growth in the pig. GH cells (somatotrophs) characterized as specific topographical localizations in the anterior pituitary gland store GH in the 350-500 nm in diameter secretory vesicles that may dock and transiently fuse at the plasma membrane fusion pores [POROSOME] to secrete GH. The earlier AFM study demonstrated 40% increase in size of the fusion pore after stimulation of GH secretion. The objectives of our immunocytochemical study using light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are (1) to identify the spatial distribution patterns of GH cells during rapid growth in pigs and (2) to demonstrate the fate of secretory vesicles after secretion. Immunoreactive somatotrophs were consistently counted under LM and total number of filled, empty, and partly empty vesicles before and after stimulation of GH secretion was determined in TEM. All quantitative counting data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student\u27s t test. Somatotrophs were densely distributed in lateral wings of anterior lobe from proximal distal depth (43.8±1.2 per 30,495 [mu]m2, Mean±SEM), whereas rarely distributed in shoulder regions (21.8±1.4 per 30,495 [mu]m2) in day 1, day 42, and day 100. However a significant increase in median region at distal was observed in all groups (55.2%\u3e, P \u3c 0.05). TEM results showed that control pituitary cells contained more than twice as many filled vesicles that did the stimulated cells whereas stimulated cells contained nearly twice as many empty vesicles and 2.5 x more partly empty vesicles than did control cells. Immunogold pGH antibody labeling showed that empty vesicles were devoid of electron dense particles. There was no significant difference in total number of vesicles between the controls and stimulated. Our current investigations reveal (1) a regional/spatial specificity of cellular differentiation and transformation to facilitate GH secretion in young growing pigs and (2) GH containing vesicles in pituitary transiently fuse at the POROSOME and secrete GH without loss of secretory vesicles

Heritage Language Maintenance and Use among 1.5 Generation Khmer College Students

Most studies of heritage language maintenance have reported a steep attrition in heritage language use among the 1.5 and 2nd generation children of immigrants, in particular among East Asian groups. However, not much is known about the role of heritage languages and the patterns of language maintenance within refugee communities. This study focuses on heritage language use and maintenance among 1.5 generation Khmer college students. The findings show that Khmer students report a high frequency of heritage language use within the home with their parents as well as outside of the home with their co-ethnic peers. The data reveal that oral proficiency in Khmer is significantly more developed than literacy skills and is a necessity for bridging communication with parents and participating in co-ethnic peer social networks. The results of the study also indicate that these students development of English oral and literacy skills were significantly higher than their heritage language skills suggesting a similar trajectory of language loss similar to other immigrant groups, but perhaps at a slower rate

Nanoscale Dynamics of Growth Hormone Secretion in Pigs

The anterior pituitary gland contains cells that produce and secrete growth hormone (GH) into the circulating blood that causes muscle accretion, lipolysis, and lean growth in the pig. GH-secretagogues, such as L- 692,585, stimulate GH release by action at the pituitary in a dose dependent manner in vivo, and by isolated porcine GH cells in culture. We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to identify cytoplasmic structures at the plasma membrane of GH-secreting cells of the pituitary and implicate their involvement in hormone release. New cellular structures at the plasma membrane called “pits” and “depressions” were identified where membranebound secretory vesicles dock and fuse to release vesicular contents. Pits containing 100- to 200- nanometer in diameter depressions or “fusion pores” were identified in unstimulated (resting) GH-secreting cells. After stimulation of secretion with L-692,585, the size of depressions enlarged and gold-tagged GH antibody were found to bind to the pit structures in the stimulated GH cells. This study documents, for the first time, the presence of these structures and their involvement in hormone secretion in a neuroendocrine cell

After Affects

Young people of color face considerable obstacles to racial, educational, economic, and social equity, yet the remedies to these problems rarely involve attention to the insights and experiences of youth themselves. This introductory chapter argues for an approach to supporting racialized young people that emphasizes youth agency in challenging the ideological and material processes of racism. In particular, the chapter calls attention to the importance of affect-defined as embodied cognitive, emotional, and perceptual encounter with the material world-as a component of teaching and learning around the issue of race. The chapter presents the concept of affective agency and discusses its role in the experiences of Latinx youth in a special academic outreach program with a social justice focus. The program was guided by the principles of sociolinguistic justice, culturally sustaining pedagogies, and accompaniment. The chapter concludes by summarizing the individual contributions to the edited volume in relation to the issues of language, race, ideology, and affective agency in the lives of Latinx youth

Graduate Student Recital: Kyung Jin Lee, Cello; Tong Sook Han, Piano; May 25, 1973

Centennial East Recital HallFriday EveningMay 25, 19738:15 p.m

Molekulare Analysen zur Oligosaccharidbildung in Actinoplanes sp.

Während der Fermentation bildet Actinoplanes sp. Pseudooligosaccharide als Sekundärmetabolite, deren gemeinsame Core-Grundstruktur aus ungesättigten C7N-Cycliten (Valienamin) und einer 4,6-Didesoxy-D-glucopyranose besteht. Die beiden Moleküle sind dabei über (-1,4-N-glycodische Bindung verknüpft. Die als Acarviosin bezeichnete Core-Struktur ist essentiell für die Hemmwirkung. Bei der (-Glucosidase Inhibitor Acarbose ist Acarviosyl-Core mit einer Maltosyleinheit verbunden. Neben Acarbose konnten verschiedene Homologen der Acarbosereihe im Kulturfiltrat gefunden werden. Bei der Komponente C wird der Acarviosyl-Core mit Trehalose statt Maltose verknüpft. In Actinoplanes sp. wurde Trehalose durch drei verschiedenen Biosynthesewege synthetisiert; (1) die Trehalose-Bildung aus Maltooligosaccharid mittels der MTSase (TreY) zusammen mit der MTHase (TreZ), (2) die Umsetzung von Maltose zu Trehalose durch die TreSase (TreS), (3) die Trehalose-6-Phosphat-Biosynthese aus aktivierten Vorstufen wie UDP-Glucose und Glucose-6-Phosphat durch die Tps1ase (Tps1). Nach der Inkubation von Acarbose mit dem Enzym MTSase (TreY) wurde die in vitro-Bildung von Komponente C mittels HPLC nachgewiesen

Comparison of Clinical Manifestations between Patients with Ocular Myasthenia Gravis and Generalized Myasthenia Gravis

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical manifestations between patients with ocular myasthenia gravis and those with generalized myasthenia gravis (MG). METHODS: The medical records of 71 patients diagnosed with MG between January 1995 and December 2007 were reviewed. Demographics, sensitivities of diagnostic methods, the presence of systemic autoimmune diseases, ophthalmic complications caused by MG, and treatments were evaluated and compared. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (20%) were diagnosed with ocular MG and 57 patients (80%) with generalized MG. Sensitivities of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody and repetitive nerve stimulation tests were significantly higher in the generalized MG group (84%, 89%) compared to those in the ocular MG group (50%, 54%) (p = 0.011, p = 0.008). The sensitivity of the neostigmine test was the highest in both groups (98% of generalized MG, 79% of ocular MG), and the difference between the two groups was borderline significant (p = 0.058). The most common symptoms were ptosis and diplopia, and both groups presented with pain, blurred vision, and tearing. Systemic autoimmune disease was more prominent in the generalized MG group (21%) than in the ocular MG group (14%), and steroid therapy was used more frequently in the generalized MG group (82%) than in the ocular MG group (57%). Ophthalmic complications associated with long-term steroid treatment were more profound in the generalized MG (30%) compared to those of the ocular MG (21%). CONCLUSIONS: The generalized MG group was associated with higher sensitivities to diagnostic tests, more systemic steroid use, higher ophthalmic complications caused by systemic autoimmune disease, and long-term steroid treatment compared to those of the ocular MG groupope