Multiple Scattering X-ray Photoelectron Diffraction Study Of The Srtio 3 (100) Surface

The atomic surface structure of SrTiO3 (100) after annealing at 630 °C in vacuum is investigated by x-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) using the Sr 3 d5/2 core level. The photoelectron diffraction peaks are successfully assigned by considering the forward scattering of photoelectrons by the atomic potential near the emitter atom in the lattice. The strongest diffraction peaks are aligned along the single crystal internuclear axes. We compare the results of photoelectron multiple scattering calculations (MSC) of SrO and TiO2 terminated SrTiO3 (100) surfaces, including surface relaxation and rumpling, with the experimental data. For TiO2 and SrO terminated SrTiO3 (100) surfaces, all top-layer cations relax inward, whereas second-layer atoms relax outward. The surface rumpling for SrO- and TiO2 -terminated surfaces agrees well with low-energy electron diffraction results. Using a genetic algorithm the best agreement of MSC to the experimental XPD data is obtained for a SrO terminated surface with a 30% coverage of 3 ML SrO(100) islands. © 2009 American Institute of Physics.1063Rijnders, G., Curras, S., Huijben, M., Blanck, D., Rogalla, H., Kotecki, D.E., Baniecki, J.D., Wise, R., (2004) Appl. Phys. Lett., 84, p. 1150. , 0003-6951, () 10.1063/1.1646463;, IBM J. Res. Dev. 0018-8646 43, 367 (1999)Kawasaki, M., Ohtomo, A., Arakane, T., Takahashi, K., Yoshimoto, M., Koinuma, H., Atomic control of SrTiO3 surface for perfect epitaxy of perovskite oxides (1996) Applied Surface Science, 107, pp. 102-106. , DOI 10.1016/S0169-4332(96)00512-0, PII S0169433296005120Erdman, N., Marks, L.D., (2003) Surf. Sci., 526, p. 107. , 0039-6028,. 10.1016/S0039-6028(02)02573-6Kubo, T., Nozoye, H., (2001) Phys. Rev. Lett., 86, p. 1801. , 0031-9007,. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.1801Szot, K., Speier, W., Breuer, U., Meyer, R., Szade, J., Waser, R., (2000) Surf. 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Heat to Electricity Conversion by a Graphene Stripe with Heavy Chiral Fermions

A conversion of thermal energy into electricity is considered in the electrically polarized graphene stripes with zigzag edges where the heavy chiral fermion (HCF) states are formed. The stripes are characterized by a high electric conductance Ge and by a significant Seebeck coefficient S. The electric current in the stripes is induced due to a non-equilibrium thermal injection of "hot" electrons. This thermoelectric generation process might be utilized for building of thermoelectric generators with an exceptionally high figure of merit Z{\delta}T \simeq 100 >> 1 and with an appreciable electric power densities \sim 1 MW/cm2.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure

Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Of Co(oh)2 Nanoparticle-coated α-fe2o3 Nanorings

The production of hydrogen from water using only a catalyst and solar energy is one of the most challenging and promising outlets for the generation of clean and renewable energy. Semiconductor photocatalysts for solar hydrogen production by water photolysis must employ stable, non-toxic, abundant and inexpensive visible-light absorbers capable of harvesting light photons with adequate potential to reduce water. Here, we show that α-Fe 2O3 can meet these requirements by means of using hydrothermally prepared nanorings. These iron oxide nanoring photocatalysts proved capable of producing hydrogen efficiently without application of an external bias. In addition, Co(OH)2 nanoparticles were shown to be efficient co-catalysts on the nanoring surface by improving the efficiency of hydrogen generation. Both nanoparticle-coated and uncoated nanorings displayed superior photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution when compared with TiO2 nanoparticles, showing themselves to be promising materials for water-splitting using only solar light. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013.51993109316Navarro Yerga, R.M., Álvarez Galván, M.C., Del Valle, F., Villoria De La Mano, J.A., Fierro, J.L.G., (2009) ChemSusChem, 2, pp. 471-485Fujishima, A., Honda, K., (1972) Nature, 238, pp. 37-38Kudo, A., Miseki, Y., (2009) Chem. Soc. Rev., 38, pp. 253-278Sivula, K., Le Formal, F., Gratzel, M., (2011) ChemSusChem, 4, pp. 432-449Yerga, R.M.N., Galvan, M.C.A., Del Valle, F., De La Mano, J.A.V., Fierro, J.L.G., (2009) ChemSusChem, 2, pp. 471-485Chen, X.B., Shen, S.H., Guo, L.J., Mao, S.S., (2010) Chem. Rev., 110, pp. 6503-6570Hernandez-Alonso, M.D., Fresno, F., Suarez, S., Coronado, J.M., (2009) Energy Environ. Sci., 2, pp. 1231-1257Kudo, A., (2003) Catal. Surv. 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Sample-to-sample torque fluctuations in a system of coaxial randomly charged surfaces

Polarizable randomly charged dielectric objects have been recently shown to exhibit long-range lateral and normal interaction forces even when they are effectively net neutral. These forces stem from an interplay between the quenched statistics of random charges and the induced dielectric image charges. This type of interaction has recently been evoked to interpret measurements of Casimir forces in vacuo, where a precise analysis of such disorder-induced effects appears to be necessary. Here we consider the torque acting on a randomly charged dielectric surface (or a sphere) mounted on a central axle next to another randomly charged surface and show that although the resultant mean torque is zero, its sample-to-sample fluctuation exhibits a long-range behavior with the separation distance between the juxtaposed surfaces and that, in particular, its root-mean-square value scales with the total area of the surfaces. Therefore, the disorder-induced torque between two randomly charged surfaces is expected to be much more pronounced than the disorder-induced lateral force and may provide an effective way to determine possible disorder effects in experiments, in a manner that is independent of the usual normal force measurement.Comment: 7 pages, 3 fig

Effect of the period of the substrate oscillation in the dynamic glancing angle deposition technique: A columnar periodic nanostructure formation

Nanostructured CrN thin films are obtained by combining RF physical vapor and dynamic glancing angle deposition using a computer-controlled substrate oscillatory motion. By using an appropriate frequency for substrate oscillation, it becomes feasible to tailor the physical properties of thin films deposited onto the substrate. The films are deposited by moving the substrate back and forward between specified angles with, among other parameters, a controlled time-dependent angular position φ(t) of the substrate. Thus, the direction of atoms striking the film changes in accordance to the position of the substrate. In this paper, we report the physical properties of a material for a varying frequency of substrate oscillation while maintaining the same angular φ(t) function (triangular function) in all the studied samples. By controlling the incidence angle φ(t) for precursor atoms impinging upon the substrate, one can prompt the formation of wavy-like periodic columnar nanostructures. The physical characteristics of the coating such as morphology, residual stress, nanohardness, crystallite size, composition, and texture of the columnar periodic multistructured films are all remarkably dependent on the oscillation frequency. The cited physical properties obtained by moving the substrate forward and back with an angular φ(t) triangular function and several periods of oscillation are reported and analyzed383CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPsem informaçãosem informação2012/10127-5This work was supported partially by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Project 2012/10127-5 and the Instituto Nacional de Engenharia de Superficies (INES). LFZ, CF, and FA are CNPq fellows. During the development of this paper, MJMJ and VA were CAPES fellows. The authors are grateful to the LNNano, where the SEM measurements were performed. Special thanks go to C. Piacenti for his technical suppor

Full field chemical imaging of buried native sub-oxide layers on doped silicon patterns

International audienceFully energy-filtered X-ray photoelectron emission microscopy is used to analyze the spatial distribution of the silicon sub-oxide structure at the SiO 2 /Si interface as a function of underlying doping pattern. Using a spectroscopic pixel-by-pixel curve fitting analysis, we obtain the sub-oxide binding energy and intensity distributions over the full field of view. Binding energy maps for each oxidation state are obtained with a spatial resolution of 120 nm. Within the framework of a five-layer model, the experimental data are used to obtain quantitative maps of the sub-oxide layer thickness and also their spatial distribution over the p–n junctions. Variations in the sub-oxide thicknesses are found to be linked to the level and type of doping. The procedure, which takes into account instrumental artefacts, enables the quantitative analysis of the full 3D dataset

Spatial Modulation Of Above-the-gap Cathodoluminescence In Inp Nanowires

We report the observation of light emission on wurtzite InP nanowires excited by fast electrons. The experiments were performed in a scanning transmission electron microscope using an in-house-built cathodoluminescence detector. Besides the exciton emission, at 850 nm, emission above the band gap from 400 to 800 nm was observed. In particular, this broad emission presented systematic periodic modulations indicating variations in the local excitation probability. The physical origin of the detected emission is not clear. Measurements of the spatial variation of the above-the-gap emission points to the formation of leaky cavity modes of a plasmonic nature along the nanowire length, indicating the wave nature of the excitation. 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Influence of the structure and composition of titanium nitride substrates on carbon nanotubes grown by chemical vapour deposition

International audienceThe influence of nano-structure and composition of the substrate on the properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is presented. The samples are obtained following a sequential in situ deposition routine. First, TiNxOy films are grown on a crystalline silicon substrate. Immediately, dispersed nickel catalyst particles are deposited on the film. The non-stoichiometric TiNxOy films and Ni particles are grown by ion beam sputtering of Ti and Ni targets, respectively. Soon after that, the CNTs are grown by feeding acetylene gas into the chamber and maintaining the substrate at 973 K. In situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy allows compositional and structural analysis in all the stages of the sample growth process. The CNTs are further studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques, showing different population densities, sizes and diameters as a function of the oxygen content in the TiNxOy films. The results show that oxygen influences the surface diffusion mobility of the precursor carbon atoms involved in the growth of nanotubes suggesting the inhibition of catalyst particle coarsening. It is concluded that, in addition to acting as a diffusion barrier between the catalyst particles and the silicon support, the TiNxOy films modify the growth kinetics of the CNTs

Seeing And Measuring In Colours: Electron Microscopy And Spectroscopies Applied To Nano-optics

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